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Automotive Sand Casting-Global Market Insights and Sales Trends 2024
Synopsis
Sand casting is the most widely used casting process to manufacture products from a wide array of materials and to cater a broader range of customers. It utilizes expendable sand molds to form complex metal parts that can be made of nearly any alloy.
Sand casting involves the pouring of molten metal into a cavity-shaped sand mold where it solidifies. It is suitable for manufacturing parts in a wide range of sizes and weights.
The global Automotive Sand Casting market size is expected to reach US$ million by 2029, growing at a CAGR of % from 2023 to 2029. The market is mainly driven by the significant applications of Automotive Sand Casting in various end use industries. The expanding demands from the OEM and Aftermarket, are propelling Automotive Sand Casting market. Green Sand, one of the segments analysed in this report, is projected to record % CAGR and reach US$ million by the end of the analysis period. Growth in the Dry Sand segment is estimated at % CAGR for the next seven-year period.
Automotive is a key driver of this industry. According to data from the World Automobile Organization (OICA), global automobile production and sales in 2017 reached their peak in the past 10 years, at 97.3 million and 95.89 million respectively. In 2018, the global economic expansion ended, and the global auto market declined as a whole. In 2022, there will wear units 81.6 million vehicles in the world. At present, more than 90% of the world's automobiles are concentrated in the three continents of Asia, Europe and North America, of which Asia automobile production accounts for 56% of the world, Europe accounts for 20%, and North America accounts for 16%. The world major automobile producing countries include China, the United States, Japan, South Korea, Germany, India, Mexico, and other countries; among them, China is the largest automobile producing country in the world, accounting for about 32%. Japan is the world's largest car exporter, exporting more than 3.5 million vehicles in 2022.
Report Objectives
This report provides market insight on the different segments, by manufacturers, by Type, by Application. Market size and forecast (2018-2029) has been provided in the report. The primary objectives of this report are to provide 1) global market size and forecasts, growth rates, market dynamics, industry structure and developments, market situation, trends; 2) global market share and ranking by company; 3) comprehensive presentation of the global market for Automotive Sand Casting, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis through detailed segmentation; 4) detailed value chain analysis and review of growth factors essential for the existing market players and new entrants; 5) emerging opportunities in the market and the future impact of major drivers and restraints of the market.
Key Features of The Study:
This report provides in-depth analysis of the global Automotive Sand Casting market, and provides market size (US$ million) and CAGR for the forecast period (2023-2029), considering 2022 as the base year.
This report profiles key players in the global Automotive Sand Casting market based on the following parameters - company details (found date, headquarters, manufacturing bases), products portfolio, Automotive Sand Casting sales data, market share and ranking.
This report elucidates potential market opportunities across different segments and explains attractive investment proposition matrices for this market.
This report illustrates key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, market trends, regional outlook.
Key companies of Automotive Sand Casting covered in this report include A.W. Schumacher, Alteams, AmTech International, Bernier Cast Metals, Inc., Ermak Foundry and Machining, Inc., Grainger and Worrall Limited, Hanloo Cooperation, Haworth Castings Ltd. and LeClaire, etc.
The global Automotive Sand Casting market report caters to various stakeholders in this industry including investors, suppliers, product manufacturers, distributors, new entrants, and financial analysts.
Market Segmentation
Company Profiles:
A.W. Schumacher
Alteams
AmTech International
Bernier Cast Metals, Inc.
Ermak Foundry and Machining, Inc.
Grainger and Worrall Limited
Hanloo Cooperation
Haworth Castings Ltd.
LeClaire
Peterson Enterprises
Precise Cast Prototypes and Engineering, Inc.
Rheinmetall AG
Xianglejia
Global Automotive Sand Casting market, by region:
North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, UK, Italy, etc.)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, etc.)
South America (Brazil, etc.)
Middle East and Africa (Turkey, GCC Countries, Africa, etc.)
Global Automotive Sand Casting market, Segment by Type:
Green Sand
Dry Sand
Loam Sand
Others
Global Automotive Sand Casting market, by Application
OEM
Aftermarket
Core Chapters
Chapter One: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by Type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter Two: Detailed analysis of Automotive Sand Casting manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter Three: Sales, revenue of Automotive Sand Casting in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.
Chapter Four: Introduces market segments by Application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter Five, Six, Seven, Eight and Nine: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.
Chapter Ten: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter Eleven: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics. Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter Twelve: Analysis of sales channel, distributors and customers.
Chapter Thirteen: Research Findings and Conclusion.
Sand casting is the most widely used casting process to manufacture products from a wide array of materials and to cater a broader range of customers. It utilizes expendable sand molds to form complex metal parts that can be made of nearly any alloy.
Sand casting involves the pouring of molten metal into a cavity-shaped sand mold where it solidifies. It is suitable for manufacturing parts in a wide range of sizes and weights.
The global Automotive Sand Casting market size is expected to reach US$ million by 2029, growing at a CAGR of % from 2023 to 2029. The market is mainly driven by the significant applications of Automotive Sand Casting in various end use industries. The expanding demands from the OEM and Aftermarket, are propelling Automotive Sand Casting market. Green Sand, one of the segments analysed in this report, is projected to record % CAGR and reach US$ million by the end of the analysis period. Growth in the Dry Sand segment is estimated at % CAGR for the next seven-year period.
Automotive is a key driver of this industry. According to data from the World Automobile Organization (OICA), global automobile production and sales in 2017 reached their peak in the past 10 years, at 97.3 million and 95.89 million respectively. In 2018, the global economic expansion ended, and the global auto market declined as a whole. In 2022, there will wear units 81.6 million vehicles in the world. At present, more than 90% of the world's automobiles are concentrated in the three continents of Asia, Europe and North America, of which Asia automobile production accounts for 56% of the world, Europe accounts for 20%, and North America accounts for 16%. The world major automobile producing countries include China, the United States, Japan, South Korea, Germany, India, Mexico, and other countries; among them, China is the largest automobile producing country in the world, accounting for about 32%. Japan is the world's largest car exporter, exporting more than 3.5 million vehicles in 2022.
Report Objectives
This report provides market insight on the different segments, by manufacturers, by Type, by Application. Market size and forecast (2018-2029) has been provided in the report. The primary objectives of this report are to provide 1) global market size and forecasts, growth rates, market dynamics, industry structure and developments, market situation, trends; 2) global market share and ranking by company; 3) comprehensive presentation of the global market for Automotive Sand Casting, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis through detailed segmentation; 4) detailed value chain analysis and review of growth factors essential for the existing market players and new entrants; 5) emerging opportunities in the market and the future impact of major drivers and restraints of the market.
Key Features of The Study:
This report provides in-depth analysis of the global Automotive Sand Casting market, and provides market size (US$ million) and CAGR for the forecast period (2023-2029), considering 2022 as the base year.
This report profiles key players in the global Automotive Sand Casting market based on the following parameters - company details (found date, headquarters, manufacturing bases), products portfolio, Automotive Sand Casting sales data, market share and ranking.
This report elucidates potential market opportunities across different segments and explains attractive investment proposition matrices for this market.
This report illustrates key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, market trends, regional outlook.
Key companies of Automotive Sand Casting covered in this report include A.W. Schumacher, Alteams, AmTech International, Bernier Cast Metals, Inc., Ermak Foundry and Machining, Inc., Grainger and Worrall Limited, Hanloo Cooperation, Haworth Castings Ltd. and LeClaire, etc.
The global Automotive Sand Casting market report caters to various stakeholders in this industry including investors, suppliers, product manufacturers, distributors, new entrants, and financial analysts.
Market Segmentation
Company Profiles:
A.W. Schumacher
Alteams
AmTech International
Bernier Cast Metals, Inc.
Ermak Foundry and Machining, Inc.
Grainger and Worrall Limited
Hanloo Cooperation
Haworth Castings Ltd.
LeClaire
Peterson Enterprises
Precise Cast Prototypes and Engineering, Inc.
Rheinmetall AG
Xianglejia
Global Automotive Sand Casting market, by region:
North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, UK, Italy, etc.)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, etc.)
South America (Brazil, etc.)
Middle East and Africa (Turkey, GCC Countries, Africa, etc.)
Global Automotive Sand Casting market, Segment by Type:
Green Sand
Dry Sand
Loam Sand
Others
Global Automotive Sand Casting market, by Application
OEM
Aftermarket
Core Chapters
Chapter One: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by Type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter Two: Detailed analysis of Automotive Sand Casting manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter Three: Sales, revenue of Automotive Sand Casting in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.
Chapter Four: Introduces market segments by Application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter Five, Six, Seven, Eight and Nine: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.
Chapter Ten: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter Eleven: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics. Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter Twelve: Analysis of sales channel, distributors and customers.
Chapter Thirteen: Research Findings and Conclusion.
Index1 Automotive Sand Casting Market Overview
1.1 Automotive Sand Casting Product Overview
1.2 Automotive Sand Casting Market Segment by Type
1.2.1 Green Sand
1.2.2 Dry Sand
1.2.3 Loam Sand
1.2.4 Others
1.3 Global Automotive Sand Casting Market Size by Type
1.3.1 Global Automotive Sand Casting Market Size Overview by Type (2018-2029)
1.3.2 Global Automotive Sand Casting Historic Market Size Review by Type (2018-2023)
1.3.3 Global Automotive Sand Casting Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2029)
1.4 Key Regions Market Size Segment by Type
1.4.1 North America Automotive Sand Casting Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
1.4.2 Europe Automotive Sand Casting Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
1.4.3 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sand Casting Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
1.4.4 Latin America Automotive Sand Casting Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
1.4.5 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sand Casting Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
2 Global Automotive Sand Casting Market Competition by Company
2.1 Global Top Players by Automotive Sand Casting Sales (2018-2023)
2.2 Global Top Players by Automotive Sand Casting Revenue (2018-2023)
2.3 Global Top Players by Automotive Sand Casting Price (2018-2023)
2.4 Global Top Manufacturers Automotive Sand Casting Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type
2.5 Automotive Sand Casting Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.5.1 Automotive Sand Casting Market Concentration Rate (2018-2023)
2.5.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by Automotive Sand Casting Sales and Revenue in 2022
2.6 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Automotive Sand Casting as of 2022)
2.7 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Automotive Sand Casting Market
2.8 Key Manufacturers Automotive Sand Casting Product Offered
2.9 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Automotive Sand Casting Status and Outlook by Region
3.1 Global Automotive Sand Casting Market Size and CAGR by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
3.2 Global Automotive Sand Casting Historic Market Size by Region
3.2.1 Global Automotive Sand Casting Sales in Volume by Region (2018-2023)
3.2.2 Global Automotive Sand Casting Sales in Value by Region (2018-2023)
3.2.3 Global Automotive Sand Casting Sales (Volume & Value) Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
3.3 Global Automotive Sand Casting Forecasted Market Size by Region
3.3.1 Global Automotive Sand Casting Sales in Volume by Region (2024-2029)
3.3.2 Global Automotive Sand Casting Sales in Value by Region (2024-2029)
3.3.3 Global Automotive Sand Casting Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2024-2029)
4 Global Automotive Sand Casting by Application
4.1 Automotive Sand Casting Market Segment by Application
4.1.1 OEM
4.1.2 Aftermarket
4.2 Global Automotive Sand Casting Market Size by Application
4.2.1 Global Automotive Sand Casting Market Size Overview by Application (2018-2029)
4.2.2 Global Automotive Sand Casting Historic Market Size Review by Application (2018-2023)
4.2.3 Global Automotive Sand Casting Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2029)
4.3 Key Regions Market Size Segment by Application
4.3.1 North America Automotive Sand Casting Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
4.3.2 Europe Automotive Sand Casting Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
4.3.3 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sand Casting Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
4.3.4 Latin America Automotive Sand Casting Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
4.3.5 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sand Casting Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
5 North America Automotive Sand Casting by Country
5.1 North America Automotive Sand Casting Historic Market Size by Country
5.1.1 North America Automotive Sand Casting Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
5.1.2 North America Automotive Sand Casting Sales in Volume by Country (2018-2023)
5.1.3 North America Automotive Sand Casting Sales in Value by Country (2018-2023)
5.2 North America Automotive Sand Casting Forecasted Market Size by Country
5.2.1 North America Automotive Sand Casting Sales in Volume by Country (2024-2029)
5.2.2 North America Automotive Sand Casting Sales in Value by Country (2024-2029)
6 Europe Automotive Sand Casting by Country
6.1 Europe Automotive Sand Casting Historic Market Size by Country
6.1.1 Europe Automotive Sand Casting Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
6.1.2 Europe Automotive Sand Casting Sales in Volume by Country (2018-2023)
6.1.3 Europe Automotive Sand Casting Sales in Value by Country (2018-2023)
6.2 Europe Automotive Sand Casting Forecasted Market Size by Country
6.2.1 Europe Automotive Sand Casting Sales in Volume by Country (2024-2029)
6.2.2 Europe Automotive Sand Casting Sales in Value by Country (2024-2029)
7 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sand Casting by Region
7.1 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sand Casting Historic Market Size by Region
7.1.1 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sand Casting Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
7.1.2 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sand Casting Sales in Volume by Region (2018-2023)
7.1.3 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sand Casting Sales in Value by Region (2018-2023)
7.2 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sand Casting Forecasted Market Size by Region
7.2.1 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sand Casting Sales in Volume by Region (2024-2029)
7.2.2 Asia-Pacific Automotive Sand Casting Sales in Value by Region (2024-2029)
8 Latin America Automotive Sand Casting by Country
8.1 Latin America Automotive Sand Casting Historic Market Size by Country
8.1.1 Latin America Automotive Sand Casting Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
8.1.2 Latin America Automotive Sand Casting Sales in Volume by Country (2018-2023)
8.1.3 Latin America Automotive Sand Casting Sales in Value by Country (2018-2023)
8.2 Latin America Automotive Sand Casting Forecasted Market Size by Country
8.2.1 Latin America Automotive Sand Casting Sales in Volume by Country (2024-2029)
8.2.2 Latin America Automotive Sand Casting Sales in Value by Country (2024-2029)
9 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sand Casting by Country
9.1 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sand Casting Historic Market Size by Country
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sand Casting Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sand Casting Sales in Volume by Country (2018-2023)
9.1.3 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sand Casting Sales in Value by Country (2018-2023)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sand Casting Forecasted Market Size by Country
9.2.1 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sand Casting Sales in Volume by Country (2024-2029)
9.2.2 Middle East and Africa Automotive Sand Casting Sales in Value by Country (2024-2029)
10 Company Profiles
10.1 A.W. Schumacher
10.1.1 A.W. Schumacher Company Information
10.1.2 A.W. Schumacher Introduction and Business Overview
10.1.3 A.W. Schumacher Automotive Sand Casting Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.1.4 A.W. Schumacher Automotive Sand Casting Products Offered
10.1.5 A.W. Schumacher Recent Development
10.2 Alteams
10.2.1 Alteams Company Information
10.2.2 Alteams Introduction and Business Overview
10.2.3 Alteams Automotive Sand Casting Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.2.4 Alteams Automotive Sand Casting Products Offered
10.2.5 Alteams Recent Development
10.3 AmTech International
10.3.1 AmTech International Company Information
10.3.2 AmTech International Introduction and Business Overview
10.3.3 AmTech International Automotive Sand Casting Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.3.4 AmTech International Automotive Sand Casting Products Offered
10.3.5 AmTech International Recent Development
10.4 Bernier Cast Metals, Inc.
10.4.1 Bernier Cast Metals, Inc. Company Information
10.4.2 Bernier Cast Metals, Inc. Introduction and Business Overview
10.4.3 Bernier Cast Metals, Inc. Automotive Sand Casting Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.4.4 Bernier Cast Metals, Inc. Automotive Sand Casting Products Offered
10.4.5 Bernier Cast Metals, Inc. Recent Development
10.5 Ermak Foundry and Machining, Inc.
10.5.1 Ermak Foundry and Machining, Inc. Company Information
10.5.2 Ermak Foundry and Machining, Inc. Introduction and Business Overview
10.5.3 Ermak Foundry and Machining, Inc. Automotive Sand Casting Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.5.4 Ermak Foundry and Machining, Inc. Automotive Sand Casting Products Offered
10.5.5 Ermak Foundry and Machining, Inc. Recent Development
10.6 Grainger and Worrall Limited
10.6.1 Grainger and Worrall Limited Company Information
10.6.2 Grainger and Worrall Limited Introduction and Business Overview
10.6.3 Grainger and Worrall Limited Automotive Sand Casting Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.6.4 Grainger and Worrall Limited Automotive Sand Casting Products Offered
10.6.5 Grainger and Worrall Limited Recent Development
10.7 Hanloo Cooperation
10.7.1 Hanloo Cooperation Company Information
10.7.2 Hanloo Cooperation Introduction and Business Overview
10.7.3 Hanloo Cooperation Automotive Sand Casting Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.7.4 Hanloo Cooperation Automotive Sand Casting Products Offered
10.7.5 Hanloo Cooperation Recent Development
10.8 Haworth Castings Ltd.
10.8.1 Haworth Castings Ltd. Company Information
10.8.2 Haworth Castings Ltd. Introduction and Business Overview
10.8.3 Haworth Castings Ltd. Automotive Sand Casting Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.8.4 Haworth Castings Ltd. Automotive Sand Casting Products Offered
10.8.5 Haworth Castings Ltd. Recent Development
10.9 LeClaire
10.9.1 LeClaire Company Information
10.9.2 LeClaire Introduction and Business Overview
10.9.3 LeClaire Automotive Sand Casting Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.9.4 LeClaire Automotive Sand Casting Products Offered
10.9.5 LeClaire Recent Development
10.10 Peterson Enterprises
10.10.1 Peterson Enterprises Company Information
10.10.2 Peterson Enterprises Introduction and Business Overview
10.10.3 Peterson Enterprises Automotive Sand Casting Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.10.4 Peterson Enterprises Automotive Sand Casting Products Offered
10.10.5 Peterson Enterprises Recent Development
10.11 Precise Cast Prototypes and Engineering, Inc.
10.11.1 Precise Cast Prototypes and Engineering, Inc. Company Information
10.11.2 Precise Cast Prototypes and Engineering, Inc. Introduction and Business Overview
10.11.3 Precise Cast Prototypes and Engineering, Inc. Automotive Sand Casting Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.11.4 Precise Cast Prototypes and Engineering, Inc. Automotive Sand Casting Products Offered
10.11.5 Precise Cast Prototypes and Engineering, Inc. Recent Development
10.12 Rheinmetall AG
10.12.1 Rheinmetall AG Company Information
10.12.2 Rheinmetall AG Introduction and Business Overview
10.12.3 Rheinmetall AG Automotive Sand Casting Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.12.4 Rheinmetall AG Automotive Sand Casting Products Offered
10.12.5 Rheinmetall AG Recent Development
10.13 Xianglejia
10.13.1 Xianglejia Company Information
10.13.2 Xianglejia Introduction and Business Overview
10.13.3 Xianglejia Automotive Sand Casting Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.13.4 Xianglejia Automotive Sand Casting Products Offered
10.13.5 Xianglejia Recent Development
11 Upstream, Opportunities, Challenges, Risks and Influences Factors Analysis
11.1 Automotive Sand Casting Key Raw Materials
11.1.1 Key Raw Materials
11.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price
11.1.3 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
11.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure
11.2.1 Raw Materials
11.2.2 Labor Cost
11.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
11.3 Automotive Sand Casting Industrial Chain Analysis
11.4 Automotive Sand Casting Market Dynamics
11.4.1 Automotive Sand Casting Industry Trends
11.4.2 Automotive Sand Casting Market Drivers
11.4.3 Automotive Sand Casting Market Challenges
11.4.4 Automotive Sand Casting Market Restraints
12 Market Strategy Analysis, Distributors
12.1 Sales Channel
12.2 Automotive Sand Casting Distributors
12.3 Automotive Sand Casting Downstream Customers
13 Research Findings and Conclusion
14 Appendix
14.1 Research Methodology
14.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
14.1.2 Data Source
14.2 Author Details
14.3 Disclaimer
Published By : QY Research
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