The Market Reports

Call: +1-631-407-1315 / +91-750-729-1479
Email: sales@themarketreports.com

Electric Motorcycle and Scooter-Global Market Insights and Sales Trends 2024

Electric Motorcycle and Scooter-Global Market Insights and Sales Trends 2024

Publishing Date : Nov, 2023

License Type :
 

Report Code : 1823982

No of Pages : 120

Synopsis
Electric two-wheelers, as indicates itself, is electricity-powered wheelers. A battery pack and a motor are installed to store and transform the electricity. A user control is usually attached to the handle bar to brake and adjust the speed.
The global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter market size is expected to reach US$ 8369.2 million by 2029, growing at a CAGR of 4.6% from 2023 to 2029. The market is mainly driven by the significant applications of Electric Motorcycle and Scooter in various end use industries. The expanding demands from the E-Commerce and Retail Store, are propelling Electric Motorcycle and Scooter market. Electric Motorcycle, one of the segments analysed in this report, is projected to record % CAGR and reach US$ million by the end of the analysis period. Growth in the Electric Scooter segment is estimated at % CAGR for the next seven-year period.
Yadea, Aima, LVYuan, Sunra, TailG and Lima are the major makers of electric motorcycle and scooters, with the top five accounting for about 30% of the total market.
The Asia-Pacific region is the major market, accounting for about 90% of the market.
Report Objectives
This report provides market insight on the different segments, by manufacturers, by Type, by Application. Market size and forecast (2018-2029) has been provided in the report. The primary objectives of this report are to provide 1) global market size and forecasts, growth rates, market dynamics, industry structure and developments, market situation, trends; 2) global market share and ranking by company; 3) comprehensive presentation of the global market for Electric Motorcycle and Scooter, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis through detailed segmentation; 4) detailed value chain analysis and review of growth factors essential for the existing market players and new entrants; 5) emerging opportunities in the market and the future impact of major drivers and restraints of the market.
Key Features of The Study:
This report provides in-depth analysis of the global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter market, and provides market size (US$ million) and CAGR for the forecast period (2023-2029), considering 2022 as the base year.
This report profiles key players in the global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter market based on the following parameters - company details (found date, headquarters, manufacturing bases), products portfolio, Electric Motorcycle and Scooter sales data, market share and ranking.
This report elucidates potential market opportunities across different segments and explains attractive investment proposition matrices for this market.
This report illustrates key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, market trends, regional outlook.
Key companies of Electric Motorcycle and Scooter covered in this report include Yadea, AIMA, Lvyuan, Sunra, TAILG, Lima, BYVIN, Zongshen Electric Motorcycle and Wuyang Honda, etc.
The global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter market report caters to various stakeholders in this industry including investors, suppliers, product manufacturers, distributors, new entrants, and financial analysts.
Market Segmentation
Company Profiles:
Yadea
AIMA
Lvyuan
Sunra
TAILG
Lima
BYVIN
Zongshen Electric Motorcycle
Wuyang Honda
HONG ER DA
Lvjia
Slane
Opai Electric
Supaq
Xiaodao Ebike
Sykee
Aucma EV
Accell Group
Terra Motor
Govecs
Gazelle
ZEV
Zero Motorcycles
Horwin
Ninebot
Aerlang
Niu
Super Soco
Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter market, by region:
North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, UK, Italy, etc.)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, etc.)
South America (Brazil, etc.)
Middle East and Africa (Turkey, GCC Countries, Africa, etc.)
Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter market, Segment by Type:
Electric Motorcycle
Electric Scooter
Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter market, by Application
E-Commerce
Retail Store
Core Chapters
Chapter One: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by Type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter Two: Detailed analysis of Electric Motorcycle and Scooter manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter Three: Sales, revenue of Electric Motorcycle and Scooter in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.
Chapter Four: Introduces market segments by Application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter Five, Six, Seven, Eight and Nine: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.
Chapter Ten: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter Eleven: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics. Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter Twelve: Analysis of sales channel, distributors and customers.
Chapter Thirteen: Research Findings and Conclusion.
Index
1 Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Overview
1.1 Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Product Overview
1.2 Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Segment by Type
1.2.1 Electric Motorcycle
1.2.2 Electric Scooter
1.3 Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Size by Type
1.3.1 Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Size Overview by Type (2018-2029)
1.3.2 Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Historic Market Size Review by Type (2018-2023)
1.3.3 Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2029)
1.4 Key Regions Market Size Segment by Type
1.4.1 North America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
1.4.2 Europe Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
1.4.3 Asia-Pacific Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
1.4.4 Latin America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
1.4.5 Middle East and Africa Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
2 Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Competition by Company
2.1 Global Top Players by Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales (2018-2023)
2.2 Global Top Players by Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Revenue (2018-2023)
2.3 Global Top Players by Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Price (2018-2023)
2.4 Global Top Manufacturers Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type
2.5 Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.5.1 Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Concentration Rate (2018-2023)
2.5.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales and Revenue in 2022
2.6 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Electric Motorcycle and Scooter as of 2022)
2.7 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market
2.8 Key Manufacturers Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Product Offered
2.9 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Status and Outlook by Region
3.1 Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Size and CAGR by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
3.2 Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Historic Market Size by Region
3.2.1 Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales in Volume by Region (2018-2023)
3.2.2 Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales in Value by Region (2018-2023)
3.2.3 Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales (Volume & Value) Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
3.3 Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Forecasted Market Size by Region
3.3.1 Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales in Volume by Region (2024-2029)
3.3.2 Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales in Value by Region (2024-2029)
3.3.3 Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2024-2029)
4 Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter by Application
4.1 Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Segment by Application
4.1.1 E-Commerce
4.1.2 Retail Store
4.2 Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Size by Application
4.2.1 Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Size Overview by Application (2018-2029)
4.2.2 Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Historic Market Size Review by Application (2018-2023)
4.2.3 Global Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2029)
4.3 Key Regions Market Size Segment by Application
4.3.1 North America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
4.3.2 Europe Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
4.3.3 Asia-Pacific Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
4.3.4 Latin America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
4.3.5 Middle East and Africa Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
5 North America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter by Country
5.1 North America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Historic Market Size by Country
5.1.1 North America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
5.1.2 North America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales in Volume by Country (2018-2023)
5.1.3 North America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales in Value by Country (2018-2023)
5.2 North America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Forecasted Market Size by Country
5.2.1 North America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales in Volume by Country (2024-2029)
5.2.2 North America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales in Value by Country (2024-2029)
6 Europe Electric Motorcycle and Scooter by Country
6.1 Europe Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Historic Market Size by Country
6.1.1 Europe Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
6.1.2 Europe Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales in Volume by Country (2018-2023)
6.1.3 Europe Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales in Value by Country (2018-2023)
6.2 Europe Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Forecasted Market Size by Country
6.2.1 Europe Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales in Volume by Country (2024-2029)
6.2.2 Europe Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales in Value by Country (2024-2029)
7 Asia-Pacific Electric Motorcycle and Scooter by Region
7.1 Asia-Pacific Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Historic Market Size by Region
7.1.1 Asia-Pacific Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
7.1.2 Asia-Pacific Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales in Volume by Region (2018-2023)
7.1.3 Asia-Pacific Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales in Value by Region (2018-2023)
7.2 Asia-Pacific Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Forecasted Market Size by Region
7.2.1 Asia-Pacific Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales in Volume by Region (2024-2029)
7.2.2 Asia-Pacific Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales in Value by Region (2024-2029)
8 Latin America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter by Country
8.1 Latin America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Historic Market Size by Country
8.1.1 Latin America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
8.1.2 Latin America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales in Volume by Country (2018-2023)
8.1.3 Latin America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales in Value by Country (2018-2023)
8.2 Latin America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Forecasted Market Size by Country
8.2.1 Latin America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales in Volume by Country (2024-2029)
8.2.2 Latin America Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales in Value by Country (2024-2029)
9 Middle East and Africa Electric Motorcycle and Scooter by Country
9.1 Middle East and Africa Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Historic Market Size by Country
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales in Volume by Country (2018-2023)
9.1.3 Middle East and Africa Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales in Value by Country (2018-2023)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Forecasted Market Size by Country
9.2.1 Middle East and Africa Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales in Volume by Country (2024-2029)
9.2.2 Middle East and Africa Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales in Value by Country (2024-2029)
10 Company Profiles
10.1 Yadea
10.1.1 Yadea Company Information
10.1.2 Yadea Introduction and Business Overview
10.1.3 Yadea Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.1.4 Yadea Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.1.5 Yadea Recent Development
10.2 AIMA
10.2.1 AIMA Company Information
10.2.2 AIMA Introduction and Business Overview
10.2.3 AIMA Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.2.4 AIMA Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.2.5 AIMA Recent Development
10.3 Lvyuan
10.3.1 Lvyuan Company Information
10.3.2 Lvyuan Introduction and Business Overview
10.3.3 Lvyuan Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.3.4 Lvyuan Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.3.5 Lvyuan Recent Development
10.4 Sunra
10.4.1 Sunra Company Information
10.4.2 Sunra Introduction and Business Overview
10.4.3 Sunra Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.4.4 Sunra Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.4.5 Sunra Recent Development
10.5 TAILG
10.5.1 TAILG Company Information
10.5.2 TAILG Introduction and Business Overview
10.5.3 TAILG Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.5.4 TAILG Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.5.5 TAILG Recent Development
10.6 Lima
10.6.1 Lima Company Information
10.6.2 Lima Introduction and Business Overview
10.6.3 Lima Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.6.4 Lima Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.6.5 Lima Recent Development
10.7 BYVIN
10.7.1 BYVIN Company Information
10.7.2 BYVIN Introduction and Business Overview
10.7.3 BYVIN Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.7.4 BYVIN Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.7.5 BYVIN Recent Development
10.8 Zongshen Electric Motorcycle
10.8.1 Zongshen Electric Motorcycle Company Information
10.8.2 Zongshen Electric Motorcycle Introduction and Business Overview
10.8.3 Zongshen Electric Motorcycle Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.8.4 Zongshen Electric Motorcycle Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.8.5 Zongshen Electric Motorcycle Recent Development
10.9 Wuyang Honda
10.9.1 Wuyang Honda Company Information
10.9.2 Wuyang Honda Introduction and Business Overview
10.9.3 Wuyang Honda Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.9.4 Wuyang Honda Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.9.5 Wuyang Honda Recent Development
10.10 HONG ER DA
10.10.1 HONG ER DA Company Information
10.10.2 HONG ER DA Introduction and Business Overview
10.10.3 HONG ER DA Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.10.4 HONG ER DA Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.10.5 HONG ER DA Recent Development
10.11 Lvjia
10.11.1 Lvjia Company Information
10.11.2 Lvjia Introduction and Business Overview
10.11.3 Lvjia Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.11.4 Lvjia Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.11.5 Lvjia Recent Development
10.12 Slane
10.12.1 Slane Company Information
10.12.2 Slane Introduction and Business Overview
10.12.3 Slane Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.12.4 Slane Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.12.5 Slane Recent Development
10.13 Opai Electric
10.13.1 Opai Electric Company Information
10.13.2 Opai Electric Introduction and Business Overview
10.13.3 Opai Electric Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.13.4 Opai Electric Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.13.5 Opai Electric Recent Development
10.14 Supaq
10.14.1 Supaq Company Information
10.14.2 Supaq Introduction and Business Overview
10.14.3 Supaq Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.14.4 Supaq Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.14.5 Supaq Recent Development
10.15 Xiaodao Ebike
10.15.1 Xiaodao Ebike Company Information
10.15.2 Xiaodao Ebike Introduction and Business Overview
10.15.3 Xiaodao Ebike Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.15.4 Xiaodao Ebike Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.15.5 Xiaodao Ebike Recent Development
10.16 Sykee
10.16.1 Sykee Company Information
10.16.2 Sykee Introduction and Business Overview
10.16.3 Sykee Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.16.4 Sykee Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.16.5 Sykee Recent Development
10.17 Aucma EV
10.17.1 Aucma EV Company Information
10.17.2 Aucma EV Introduction and Business Overview
10.17.3 Aucma EV Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.17.4 Aucma EV Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.17.5 Aucma EV Recent Development
10.18 Accell Group
10.18.1 Accell Group Company Information
10.18.2 Accell Group Introduction and Business Overview
10.18.3 Accell Group Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.18.4 Accell Group Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.18.5 Accell Group Recent Development
10.19 Terra Motor
10.19.1 Terra Motor Company Information
10.19.2 Terra Motor Introduction and Business Overview
10.19.3 Terra Motor Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.19.4 Terra Motor Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.19.5 Terra Motor Recent Development
10.20 Govecs
10.20.1 Govecs Company Information
10.20.2 Govecs Introduction and Business Overview
10.20.3 Govecs Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.20.4 Govecs Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.20.5 Govecs Recent Development
10.21 Gazelle
10.21.1 Gazelle Company Information
10.21.2 Gazelle Introduction and Business Overview
10.21.3 Gazelle Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.21.4 Gazelle Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.21.5 Gazelle Recent Development
10.22 ZEV
10.22.1 ZEV Company Information
10.22.2 ZEV Introduction and Business Overview
10.22.3 ZEV Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.22.4 ZEV Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.22.5 ZEV Recent Development
10.23 Zero Motorcycles
10.23.1 Zero Motorcycles Company Information
10.23.2 Zero Motorcycles Introduction and Business Overview
10.23.3 Zero Motorcycles Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.23.4 Zero Motorcycles Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.23.5 Zero Motorcycles Recent Development
10.24 Horwin
10.24.1 Horwin Company Information
10.24.2 Horwin Introduction and Business Overview
10.24.3 Horwin Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.24.4 Horwin Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.24.5 Horwin Recent Development
10.25 Ninebot
10.25.1 Ninebot Company Information
10.25.2 Ninebot Introduction and Business Overview
10.25.3 Ninebot Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.25.4 Ninebot Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.25.5 Ninebot Recent Development
10.26 Aerlang
10.26.1 Aerlang Company Information
10.26.2 Aerlang Introduction and Business Overview
10.26.3 Aerlang Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.26.4 Aerlang Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.26.5 Aerlang Recent Development
10.27 Niu
10.27.1 Niu Company Information
10.27.2 Niu Introduction and Business Overview
10.27.3 Niu Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.27.4 Niu Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.27.5 Niu Recent Development
10.28 Super Soco
10.28.1 Super Soco Company Information
10.28.2 Super Soco Introduction and Business Overview
10.28.3 Super Soco Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.28.4 Super Soco Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Products Offered
10.28.5 Super Soco Recent Development
11 Upstream, Opportunities, Challenges, Risks and Influences Factors Analysis
11.1 Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Key Raw Materials
11.1.1 Key Raw Materials
11.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price
11.1.3 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
11.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure
11.2.1 Raw Materials
11.2.2 Labor Cost
11.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
11.3 Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Industrial Chain Analysis
11.4 Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Dynamics
11.4.1 Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Industry Trends
11.4.2 Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Drivers
11.4.3 Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Challenges
11.4.4 Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Market Restraints
12 Market Strategy Analysis, Distributors
12.1 Sales Channel
12.2 Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Distributors
12.3 Electric Motorcycle and Scooter Downstream Customers
13 Research Findings and Conclusion
14 Appendix
14.1 Research Methodology
14.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
14.1.2 Data Source
14.2 Author Details
14.3 Disclaimer

Published By : QY Research

Why ‘The Market Reports’