The Market Reports

Index

1 Artificial Nails Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Artificial Nails
1.2 Artificial Nails Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Artificial Nails Sales Growth Rate Comparison by Type (2021-2027)
1.2.2 Xylonite
1.2.3 Nylon
1.2.4 Plastic
1.2.5 Others
1.3 Artificial Nails Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Artificial Nails Sales Comparison by Application: (2021-2027)
1.3.2 Professional Usage
1.3.3 Others
1.4 Global Artificial Nails Market Size Estimates and Forecasts
1.4.1 Global Artificial Nails Revenue 2016-2027
1.4.2 Global Artificial Nails Sales 2016-2027
1.4.3 Artificial Nails Market Size by Region: 2016 Versus 2021 Versus 2027

2 Artificial Nails Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Artificial Nails Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.2 Global Artificial Nails Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.3 Global Artificial Nails Average Price by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.4 Manufacturers Artificial Nails Manufacturing Sites, Area Served, Product Type
2.5 Artificial Nails Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.5.1 Artificial Nails Market Concentration Rate
2.5.2 The Global Top 5 and Top 10 Largest Artificial Nails Players Market Share by Revenue
2.5.3 Global Artificial Nails Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.6 Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

3 Artificial Nails Retrospective Market Scenario by Region
3.1 Global Artificial Nails Retrospective Market Scenario in Sales by Region: 2016-2021
3.2 Global Artificial Nails Retrospective Market Scenario in Revenue by Region: 2016-2021
3.3 North America Artificial Nails Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.3.1 North America Artificial Nails Sales by Country
3.3.2 North America Artificial Nails Revenue by Country
3.3.3 U.S.
3.3.4 Canada
3.4 Europe Artificial Nails Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.4.1 Europe Artificial Nails Sales by Country
3.4.2 Europe Artificial Nails Revenue by Country
3.4.3 Germany
3.4.4 France
3.4.5 U.K.
3.4.6 Italy
3.4.7 Russia
3.5 Asia Pacific Artificial Nails Market Facts & Figures by Region
3.5.1 Asia Pacific Artificial Nails Sales by Region
3.5.2 Asia Pacific Artificial Nails Revenue by Region
3.5.3 China
3.5.4 Japan
3.5.5 South Korea
3.5.6 India
3.5.7 Australia
3.5.8 Taiwan
3.5.9 Indonesia
3.5.10 Thailand
3.5.11 Malaysia
3.5.12 Philippines
3.5.13 Vietnam
3.6 Latin America Artificial Nails Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.6.1 Latin America Artificial Nails Sales by Country
3.6.2 Latin America Artificial Nails Revenue by Country
3.6.3 Mexico
3.6.4 Brazil
3.6.5 Argentina
3.7 Middle East and Africa Artificial Nails Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.7.1 Middle East and Africa Artificial Nails Sales by Country
3.7.2 Middle East and Africa Artificial Nails Revenue by Country
3.7.3 Turkey
3.7.4 Saudi Arabia
3.7.5 U.A.E
4 Global Artificial Nails Historic Market Analysis by Type
4.1 Global Artificial Nails Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
4.2 Global Artificial Nails Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
4.3 Global Artificial Nails Price by Type (2016-2021)

5 Global Artificial Nails Historic Market Analysis by Application
5.1 Global Artificial Nails Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
5.2 Global Artificial Nails Revenue Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
5.3 Global Artificial Nails Price by Application (2016-2021)

6 Key Companies Profiled
6.1 Kiss
6.1.1 Kiss Corporation Information
6.1.2 Kiss Description and Business Overview
6.1.3 Kiss Artificial Nails Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.1.4 Kiss Artificial Nails Product Portfolio
6.1.5 Kiss Recent Developments/Updates
6.2 OPI
6.2.1 OPI Corporation Information
6.2.2 OPI Description and Business Overview
6.2.3 OPI Artificial Nails Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.2.4 OPI Artificial Nails Product Portfolio
6.2.5 OPI Recent Developments/Updates
6.3 Gelish
6.3.1 Gelish Corporation Information
6.3.2 Gelish Description and Business Overview
6.3.3 Gelish Artificial Nails Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.3.4 Gelish Artificial Nails Product Portfolio
6.3.5 Gelish Recent Developments/Updates
6.4 Hand & Nail Harmony
6.4.1 Hand & Nail Harmony Corporation Information
6.4.2 Hand & Nail Harmony Description and Business Overview
6.4.3 Hand & Nail Harmony Artificial Nails Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.4.4 Hand & Nail Harmony Artificial Nails Product Portfolio
6.4.5 Hand & Nail Harmony Recent Developments/Updates
6.5 Cuccio
6.5.1 Cuccio Corporation Information
6.5.2 Cuccio Description and Business Overview
6.5.3 Cuccio Artificial Nails Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.5.4 Cuccio Artificial Nails Product Portfolio
6.5.5 Cuccio Recent Developments/Updates
6.6 Q-COOL
6.6.1 Q-COOL Corporation Information
6.6.2 Q-COOL Description and Business Overview
6.6.3 Q-COOL Artificial Nails Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.6.4 Q-COOL Artificial Nails Product Portfolio
6.6.5 Q-COOL Recent Developments/Updates
6.7 Nail-Aid
6.6.1 Nail-Aid Corporation Information
6.6.2 Nail-Aid Description and Business Overview
6.6.3 Nail-Aid Artificial Nails Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.4.4 Nail-Aid Artificial Nails Product Portfolio
6.7.5 Nail-Aid Recent Developments/Updates
6.8 Coolnail
6.8.1 Coolnail Corporation Information
6.8.2 Coolnail Description and Business Overview
6.8.3 Coolnail Artificial Nails Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.8.4 Coolnail Artificial Nails Product Portfolio
6.8.5 Coolnail Recent Developments/Updates
6.9 Elevin Nail
6.9.1 Elevin Nail Corporation Information
6.9.2 Elevin Nail Description and Business Overview
6.9.3 Elevin Nail Artificial Nails Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.9.4 Elevin Nail Artificial Nails Product Portfolio
6.9.5 Elevin Nail Recent Developments/Updates
6.10 ProfessioNAIL
6.10.1 ProfessioNAIL Corporation Information
6.10.2 ProfessioNAIL Description and Business Overview
6.10.3 ProfessioNAIL Artificial Nails Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.10.4 ProfessioNAIL Artificial Nails Product Portfolio
6.10.5 ProfessioNAIL Recent Developments/Updates
6.11 HIGHROCK
6.11.1 HIGHROCK Corporation Information
6.11.2 HIGHROCK Artificial Nails Description and Business Overview
6.11.3 HIGHROCK Artificial Nails Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.11.4 HIGHROCK Artificial Nails Product Portfolio
6.11.5 HIGHROCK Recent Developments/Updates
6.12 WORLD PRIDE INC
6.12.1 WORLD PRIDE INC Corporation Information
6.12.2 WORLD PRIDE INC Artificial Nails Description and Business Overview
6.12.3 WORLD PRIDE INC Artificial Nails Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.12.4 WORLD PRIDE INC Artificial Nails Product Portfolio
6.12.5 WORLD PRIDE INC Recent Developments/Updates

7 Artificial Nails Manufacturing Cost Analysis
7.1 Artificial Nails Key Raw Materials Analysis
7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
7.1.2 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Artificial Nails
7.4 Artificial Nails Industrial Chain Analysis

8 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
8.1 Marketing Channel
8.2 Artificial Nails Distributors List
8.3 Artificial Nails Customers

9 Artificial Nails Market Dynamics
9.1 Artificial Nails Industry Trends
9.2 Artificial Nails Growth Drivers
9.3 Artificial Nails Market Challenges
9.4 Artificial Nails Market Restraints

10 Global Market Forecast
10.1 Artificial Nails Market Estimates and Projections by Type
10.1.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Artificial Nails by Type (2022-2027)
10.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Artificial Nails by Type (2022-2027)
10.2 Artificial Nails Market Estimates and Projections by Application
10.2.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Artificial Nails by Application (2022-2027)
10.2.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Artificial Nails by Application (2022-2027)
10.3 Artificial Nails Market Estimates and Projections by Region
10.3.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Artificial Nails by Region (2022-2027)
10.3.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Artificial Nails by Region (2022-2027)

11 Research Finding and Conclusion

12 Methodology and Data Source
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Author List
12.4 Disclaimer

List of Tables

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Artificial Nails Sales (M Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Type (2021-2027)
Table 2. Global Artificial Nails Sales (M Units) Comparison by Application (2021-2027)
Table 3. Global Artificial Nails Market Size by Region (US$ Million) (2016 VS 2021 VS 2027)
Table 4. Key Manufacturers Artificial Nails Covered in This Study
Table 5. Global Artificial Nails Sales (M Units) of Key Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 6. Global Artificial Nails Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 7. Global Artificial Nails Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 8. Global Artificial Nails Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 9. Global Market Artificial Nails Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 10. Manufacturers Artificial Nails Manufacturing Sites and Area Served
Table 11. Manufacturers Artificial Nails Product Type
Table 12. Global Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 13. Global Artificial Nails by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) (based on the Revenue in Artificial Nails as of 2020)
Table 14. Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 15. Global Artificial Nails Sales by Region (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Table 16. Global Artificial Nails Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 17. Global Artificial Nails Revenue by Region (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 18. North America Artificial Nails Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Table 19. North America Artificial Nails Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 20. North America Artificial Nails Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 21. North America Artificial Nails Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 22. Europe Artificial Nails Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Table 23. Europe Artificial Nails Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 24. Europe Artificial Nails Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 25. Europe Artificial Nails Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 26. Asia Pacific Artificial Nails Sales by Region (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Table 27. Asia Pacific Artificial Nails Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 28. Asia Pacific Artificial Nails Revenue by Region (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Asia Pacific Artificial Nails Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 30. Latin America Artificial Nails Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Table 31. Latin America Artificial Nails Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 32. Latin America Artificial Nails Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. Latin America Artificial Nails Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 34. Middle East and Africa Artificial Nails Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Table 35. Middle East and Africa Artificial Nails Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 36. Middle East and Africa Artificial Nails Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 37. Middle East and Africa Artificial Nails Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 38. Global Artificial Nails Sales (M Units) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 39. Global Artificial Nails Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 40. Global Artificial Nails Revenue (Million US$) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 41. Global Artificial Nails Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 42. Global Artificial Nails Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 43. Global Artificial Nails Sales (M Units) by Application (2016-2021)
Table 44. Global Artificial Nails Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table 45. Global Artificial Nails Revenue (Million US$) by Application (2016-2021)
Table 46. Global Artificial Nails Revenue Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table 47. Global Artificial Nails Price (USD/Unit) by Application (2016-2021)
Table 48. Kiss Corporation Information
Table 49. Kiss Description and Business Overview
Table 50. Kiss Artificial Nails Sales (M Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 51. Kiss Artificial Nails Product
Table 52. Kiss Recent Developments/Updates
Table 53. OPI Corporation Information
Table 54. OPI Description and Business Overview
Table 55. OPI Artificial Nails Sales (M Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 56. OPI Artificial Nails Product
Table 57. OPI Recent Developments/Updates
Table 58. Gelish Corporation Information
Table 59. Gelish Description and Business Overview
Table 60. Gelish Artificial Nails Sales (M Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 61. Gelish Artificial Nails Product
Table 62. Gelish Recent Developments/Updates
Table 63. Hand & Nail Harmony Corporation Information
Table 64. Hand & Nail Harmony Description and Business Overview
Table 65. Hand & Nail Harmony Artificial Nails Sales (M Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 66. Hand & Nail Harmony Artificial Nails Product
Table 67. Hand & Nail Harmony Recent Developments/Updates
Table 68. Cuccio Corporation Information
Table 69. Cuccio Description and Business Overview
Table 70. Cuccio Artificial Nails Sales (M Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 71. Cuccio Artificial Nails Product
Table 72. Cuccio Recent Developments/Updates
Table 73. Q-COOL Corporation Information
Table 74. Q-COOL Description and Business Overview
Table 75. Q-COOL Artificial Nails Sales (M Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 76. Q-COOL Artificial Nails Product
Table 77. Q-COOL Recent Developments/Updates
Table 78. Nail-Aid Corporation Information
Table 79. Nail-Aid Description and Business Overview
Table 80. Nail-Aid Artificial Nails Sales (M Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 81. Nail-Aid Artificial Nails Product
Table 82. Nail-Aid Recent Developments/Updates
Table 83. Coolnail Corporation Information
Table 84. Coolnail Description and Business Overview
Table 85. Coolnail Artificial Nails Sales (M Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 86. Coolnail Artificial Nails Product
Table 87. Coolnail Recent Developments/Updates
Table 88. Elevin Nail Corporation Information
Table 89. Elevin Nail Description and Business Overview
Table 90. Elevin Nail Artificial Nails Sales (M Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 91. Elevin Nail Artificial Nails Product
Table 92. Elevin Nail Recent Developments/Updates
Table 93. ProfessioNAIL Corporation Information
Table 94. ProfessioNAIL Description and Business Overview
Table 95. ProfessioNAIL Artificial Nails Sales (M Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 96. ProfessioNAIL Artificial Nails Product
Table 97. ProfessioNAIL Recent Developments/Updates
Table 98. HIGHROCK Corporation Information
Table 99. HIGHROCK Description and Business Overview
Table 100. HIGHROCK Artificial Nails Sales (M Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 101. HIGHROCK Artificial Nails Product
Table 102. HIGHROCK Recent Developments/Updates
Table 103. WORLD PRIDE INC Corporation Information
Table 104. WORLD PRIDE INC Description and Business Overview
Table 105. WORLD PRIDE INC Artificial Nails Sales (M Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 106. WORLD PRIDE INC Artificial Nails Product
Table 107. WORLD PRIDE INC Recent Developments/Updates
Table 108. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Table 109. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Table 110. Artificial Nails Distributors List
Table 111. Artificial Nails Customers List
Table 112. Artificial Nails Market Trends
Table 113. Artificial Nails Growth Drivers
Table 114. Artificial Nails Market Challenges
Table 115. Artificial Nails Market Restraints
Table 116. Global Artificial Nails Sales Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (M Units)
Table 117. Global Artificial Nails Sales Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Table 118. Global Artificial Nails Revenue Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 119. Global Artificial Nails Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Table 120. Global Artificial Nails Sales Forecast by Application (2022-2027) & (M Units)
Table 121. Global Artificial Nails Sales Market Share Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table 122. Global Artificial Nails Revenue Forecast by Application (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 123. Global Artificial Nails Revenue Market Share Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table 124. Global Artificial Nails Sales Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (M Units)
Table 125. Global Artificial Nails Sales Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table 126. Global Artificial Nails Revenue Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 127. Global Artificial Nails Revenue Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table 128. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 129. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 130. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Artificial Nails
Figure 2. Global Artificial Nails Market Share by Type in 2020 & 2027
Figure 3. Xylonite Product Picture
Figure 4. Nylon Product Picture
Figure 5. Plastic Product Picture
Figure 6. Others Product Picture
Figure 7. Global Artificial Nails Market Share by Application in 2020 & 2027
Figure 8. Professional Usage
Figure 9. Others
Figure 10. Global Artificial Nails Revenue, (US$ Million), 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Figure 11. Global Artificial Nails Market Size 2016-2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 12. Global Artificial Nails Sales 2016-2027 (M Units)
Figure 13. Global Artificial Nails Market Size Market Share by Region: 2016 VS 20210 VS 2027
Figure 14. Artificial Nails Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 15. Global Artificial Nails Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 16. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Artificial Nails Players: Market Share by Revenue in 2020
Figure 17. Artificial Nails Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2016 VS 2021
Figure 18. Global Artificial Nails Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 19. Global Artificial Nails Sales Market Share by Region in 2020
Figure 20. Global Artificial Nails Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 21. Global Artificial Nails Revenue Market Share by Region in 2020
Figure 22. U.S. Artificial Nails Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 23. Canada Artificial Nails Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Germany Artificial Nails Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 25. France Artificial Nails Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 26. U.K. Artificial Nails Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 27. Italy Artificial Nails Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 28. Russia Artificial Nails Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 29. China Artificial Nails Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 30. Japan Artificial Nails Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 31. South Korea Artificial Nails Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 32. India Artificial Nails Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 33. Australia Artificial Nails Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 34. Taiwan Artificial Nails Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 35. Indonesia Artificial Nails Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Thailand Artificial Nails Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 37. Malaysia Artificial Nails Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Philippines Artificial Nails Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Vietnam Artificial Nails Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Mexico Artificial Nails Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Brazil Artificial Nails Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Argentina Artificial Nails Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Turkey Artificial Nails Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 44. Saudi Arabia Artificial Nails Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 45. U.A.E Artificial Nails Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Sales Market Share of Artificial Nails by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 47. Sales Market Share of Artificial Nails by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 48. Sales Market Share of Artificial Nails by Application in 2020
Figure 49. Revenue Share of Artificial Nails by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 50. Revenue Share of Artificial Nails by Application in 2020
Figure 51. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Artificial Nails
Figure 52. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Artificial Nails
Figure 53. Artificial Nails Industrial Chain Analysis
Figure 54. Channels of Distribution
Figure 55. Distributors Profiles
Figure 56. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 57. Data Triangulation
Figure 58. Key Executives Interviewed