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Global Automobile Engine Valve Market Research Report 2025
Synopsis
Automobile engine valve is a valve typically used to control the timing and quantity of gas or fuel flow into or flow out of an engine. Both gasoline engine and diesel engine need the valve and it is usually made of special steel and alloy powder.
The global Automobile Engine Valve market was valued at US$ 4223.8 million in 2023 and is anticipated to reach US$ 5031.2 million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of 2.5% during the forecast period 2024-2030.
Market competition is intense. Federal-Mogul, Eaton, Mahle and Fuji Oozx, etc. are the leaders of the industry, with about 65% market shares.
Europe region is the largest consumption place, with a consumption market share nearly 26%. Following Europe, China is the second largest consumption place with the consumption market share of 22%.
The classification of automobile engine valve includes gasoline engine valve and diesel engine valve, and the proportion of gasoline engine valve is about 79%.
Automobile engine valve is widely used for passenger vehicle and commercial vehicle. The most proportion of automobile engine valve is passenger vehicle, and the consumption proportion is about 74%.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Automobile Engine Valve, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Automobile Engine Valve.
Report Scope
The Automobile Engine Valve market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of output/shipments (M Unit) and revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. This report segments the global Automobile Engine Valve market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by Type, by Application, and by players, are also provided.
For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.
The report will help the Automobile Engine Valve manufacturers, new entrants, and industry chain related companies in this market with information on the revenues, production, and average price for the overall market and the sub-segments across the different segments, by company, by Type, by Application, and by regions.
Market Segmentation
By Company
Federal-Mogul
Eaton
Mahle
Nittan
Fuji Oozx
Worldwide Auto
Asian
Rane
Dengyun Auto-parts
ShengChi
Xin Yue
Yangzhou Guanghui
Wode Valve
AnFu
JinQingLong
Tyen Machinery
Burg
SSV
Ferrea
Tongcheng
SINUS
Segment by Type
Gasoline Engine Valve
Diesel Engine Valve
Segment by Application
Passenger Vehicle
Commercial Vehicle
Production by Region
North America
Europe
Middle East & Africa
Japan
China
India
Consumption by Region
North America
U.S.
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
China Taiwan
Southeast Asia
India
Latin America, Middle East & Africa
Mexico
Brazil
Turkey
GCC Countries
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by region, by Type, by Application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Automobile Engine Valve manufacturers competitive landscape, price, production and value market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Production/output, value of Automobile Engine Valve by region/country. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next six years.
Chapter 4: Consumption of Automobile Engine Valve in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and production of each country in the world.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 6: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product production/output, value, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 10: The main points and conclusions of the report.
Automobile engine valve is a valve typically used to control the timing and quantity of gas or fuel flow into or flow out of an engine. Both gasoline engine and diesel engine need the valve and it is usually made of special steel and alloy powder.
The global Automobile Engine Valve market was valued at US$ 4223.8 million in 2023 and is anticipated to reach US$ 5031.2 million by 2030, witnessing a CAGR of 2.5% during the forecast period 2024-2030.
Market competition is intense. Federal-Mogul, Eaton, Mahle and Fuji Oozx, etc. are the leaders of the industry, with about 65% market shares.
Europe region is the largest consumption place, with a consumption market share nearly 26%. Following Europe, China is the second largest consumption place with the consumption market share of 22%.
The classification of automobile engine valve includes gasoline engine valve and diesel engine valve, and the proportion of gasoline engine valve is about 79%.
Automobile engine valve is widely used for passenger vehicle and commercial vehicle. The most proportion of automobile engine valve is passenger vehicle, and the consumption proportion is about 74%.
This report aims to provide a comprehensive presentation of the global market for Automobile Engine Valve, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis, to help readers develop business/growth strategies, assess the market competitive situation, analyze their position in the current marketplace, and make informed business decisions regarding Automobile Engine Valve.
Report Scope
The Automobile Engine Valve market size, estimations, and forecasts are provided in terms of output/shipments (M Unit) and revenue ($ millions), considering 2023 as the base year, with history and forecast data for the period from 2019 to 2030. This report segments the global Automobile Engine Valve market comprehensively. Regional market sizes, concerning products by Type, by Application, and by players, are also provided.
For a more in-depth understanding of the market, the report provides profiles of the competitive landscape, key competitors, and their respective market ranks. The report also discusses technological trends and new product developments.
The report will help the Automobile Engine Valve manufacturers, new entrants, and industry chain related companies in this market with information on the revenues, production, and average price for the overall market and the sub-segments across the different segments, by company, by Type, by Application, and by regions.
Market Segmentation
By Company
Federal-Mogul
Eaton
Mahle
Nittan
Fuji Oozx
Worldwide Auto
Asian
Rane
Dengyun Auto-parts
ShengChi
Xin Yue
Yangzhou Guanghui
Wode Valve
AnFu
JinQingLong
Tyen Machinery
Burg
SSV
Ferrea
Tongcheng
SINUS
Segment by Type
Gasoline Engine Valve
Diesel Engine Valve
Segment by Application
Passenger Vehicle
Commercial Vehicle
Production by Region
North America
Europe
Middle East & Africa
Japan
China
India
Consumption by Region
North America
U.S.
Canada
Europe
Germany
France
U.K.
Italy
Russia
Asia-Pacific
China
Japan
South Korea
China Taiwan
Southeast Asia
India
Latin America, Middle East & Africa
Mexico
Brazil
Turkey
GCC Countries
Chapter Outline
Chapter 1: Introduces the report scope of the report, executive summary of different market segments (by region, by Type, by Application, etc), including the market size of each market segment, future development potential, and so on. It offers a high-level view of the current state of the market and its likely evolution in the short to mid-term, and long term.
Chapter 2: Detailed analysis of Automobile Engine Valve manufacturers competitive landscape, price, production and value market share, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter 3: Production/output, value of Automobile Engine Valve by region/country. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region in the next six years.
Chapter 4: Consumption of Automobile Engine Valve in regional level and country level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and its main countries and introduces the market development, future development prospects, market space, and production of each country in the world.
Chapter 5: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Type, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different market segments.
Chapter 6: Provides the analysis of various market segments by Application, covering the market size and development potential of each market segment, to help readers find the blue ocean market in different downstream markets.
Chapter 7: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product production/output, value, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter 8: Analysis of industrial chain, including the upstream and downstream of the industry.
Chapter 9: Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter 10: The main points and conclusions of the report.
Index1 Automobile Engine Valve Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Automobile Engine Valve Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2023 VS 2030
1.2.2 Gasoline Engine Valve
1.2.3 Diesel Engine Valve
1.3 Automobile Engine Valve Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Application: 2023 VS 2030
1.3.2 Passenger Vehicle
1.3.3 Commercial Vehicle
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.3 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.4 Global Automobile Engine Valve Market Average Price Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.5 Assumptions and Limitations
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production Value Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.3 Global Key Players of Automobile Engine Valve, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
2.4 Global Automobile Engine Valve Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.5 Global Automobile Engine Valve Average Price by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.6 Global Key Manufacturers of Automobile Engine Valve, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
2.7 Global Key Manufacturers of Automobile Engine Valve, Product Offered and Application
2.8 Global Key Manufacturers of Automobile Engine Valve, Date of Enter into This Industry
2.9 Automobile Engine Valve Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.9.1 Automobile Engine Valve Market Concentration Rate
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Automobile Engine Valve Players Market Share by Revenue
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Automobile Engine Valve Production by Region
3.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production Value Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production Value by Region (2019-2030)
3.2.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.2.2 Global Forecasted Production Value of Automobile Engine Valve by Region (2025-2030)
3.3 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.4 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production by Region (2019-2030)
3.4.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.4.2 Global Forecasted Production of Automobile Engine Valve by Region (2025-2030)
3.5 Global Automobile Engine Valve Market Price Analysis by Region (2019-2024)
3.6 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production and Value, Year-over-Year Growth
3.6.1 North America Automobile Engine Valve Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.2 Europe Automobile Engine Valve Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.3 Middle East & Africa Automobile Engine Valve Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.4 Japan Automobile Engine Valve Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.5 China Automobile Engine Valve Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.6 India Automobile Engine Valve Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
4 Automobile Engine Valve Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Consumption Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.2.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Consumption by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030)
4.3 North America
4.3.1 North America Automobile Engine Valve Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.3.2 North America Automobile Engine Valve Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.3.3 U.S.
4.3.4 Canada
4.4 Europe
4.4.1 Europe Automobile Engine Valve Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.4.2 Europe Automobile Engine Valve Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.4.3 Germany
4.4.4 France
4.4.5 U.K.
4.4.6 Italy
4.4.7 Russia
4.5 Asia Pacific
4.5.1 Asia Pacific Automobile Engine Valve Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.5.2 Asia Pacific Automobile Engine Valve Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.5.3 China
4.5.4 Japan
4.5.5 South Korea
4.5.6 China Taiwan
4.5.7 Southeast Asia
4.5.8 India
4.6 Latin America, Middle East & Africa
4.6.1 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automobile Engine Valve Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.6.2 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automobile Engine Valve Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.6.3 Mexico
4.6.4 Brazil
4.6.5 Turkey
5 Segment by Type
5.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production by Type (2019-2030)
5.1.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production by Type (2019-2024)
5.1.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production by Type (2025-2030)
5.1.3 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production Value by Type (2019-2030)
5.2.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production Value by Type (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production Value by Type (2025-2030)
5.2.3 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.3 Global Automobile Engine Valve Price by Type (2019-2030)
6 Segment by Application
6.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production by Application (2019-2030)
6.1.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production by Application (2019-2024)
6.1.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production by Application (2025-2030)
6.1.3 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production Value by Application (2019-2030)
6.2.1 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production Value by Application (2019-2024)
6.2.2 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production Value by Application (2025-2030)
6.2.3 Global Automobile Engine Valve Production Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.3 Global Automobile Engine Valve Price by Application (2019-2030)
7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 Federal-Mogul
7.1.1 Federal-Mogul Automobile Engine Valve Corporation Information
7.1.2 Federal-Mogul Automobile Engine Valve Product Portfolio
7.1.3 Federal-Mogul Automobile Engine Valve Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.1.4 Federal-Mogul Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 Federal-Mogul Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 Eaton
7.2.1 Eaton Automobile Engine Valve Corporation Information
7.2.2 Eaton Automobile Engine Valve Product Portfolio
7.2.3 Eaton Automobile Engine Valve Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.2.4 Eaton Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 Eaton Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 Mahle
7.3.1 Mahle Automobile Engine Valve Corporation Information
7.3.2 Mahle Automobile Engine Valve Product Portfolio
7.3.3 Mahle Automobile Engine Valve Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.3.4 Mahle Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 Mahle Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 Nittan
7.4.1 Nittan Automobile Engine Valve Corporation Information
7.4.2 Nittan Automobile Engine Valve Product Portfolio
7.4.3 Nittan Automobile Engine Valve Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.4.4 Nittan Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 Nittan Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 Fuji Oozx
7.5.1 Fuji Oozx Automobile Engine Valve Corporation Information
7.5.2 Fuji Oozx Automobile Engine Valve Product Portfolio
7.5.3 Fuji Oozx Automobile Engine Valve Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.5.4 Fuji Oozx Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 Fuji Oozx Recent Developments/Updates
7.6 Worldwide Auto
7.6.1 Worldwide Auto Automobile Engine Valve Corporation Information
7.6.2 Worldwide Auto Automobile Engine Valve Product Portfolio
7.6.3 Worldwide Auto Automobile Engine Valve Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.6.4 Worldwide Auto Main Business and Markets Served
7.6.5 Worldwide Auto Recent Developments/Updates
7.7 Asian
7.7.1 Asian Automobile Engine Valve Corporation Information
7.7.2 Asian Automobile Engine Valve Product Portfolio
7.7.3 Asian Automobile Engine Valve Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.7.4 Asian Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 Asian Recent Developments/Updates
7.8 Rane
7.8.1 Rane Automobile Engine Valve Corporation Information
7.8.2 Rane Automobile Engine Valve Product Portfolio
7.8.3 Rane Automobile Engine Valve Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.8.4 Rane Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 Rane Recent Developments/Updates
7.9 Dengyun Auto-parts
7.9.1 Dengyun Auto-parts Automobile Engine Valve Corporation Information
7.9.2 Dengyun Auto-parts Automobile Engine Valve Product Portfolio
7.9.3 Dengyun Auto-parts Automobile Engine Valve Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.9.4 Dengyun Auto-parts Main Business and Markets Served
7.9.5 Dengyun Auto-parts Recent Developments/Updates
7.10 ShengChi
7.10.1 ShengChi Automobile Engine Valve Corporation Information
7.10.2 ShengChi Automobile Engine Valve Product Portfolio
7.10.3 ShengChi Automobile Engine Valve Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.10.4 ShengChi Main Business and Markets Served
7.10.5 ShengChi Recent Developments/Updates
7.11 Xin Yue
7.11.1 Xin Yue Automobile Engine Valve Corporation Information
7.11.2 Xin Yue Automobile Engine Valve Product Portfolio
7.11.3 Xin Yue Automobile Engine Valve Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.11.4 Xin Yue Main Business and Markets Served
7.11.5 Xin Yue Recent Developments/Updates
7.12 Yangzhou Guanghui
7.12.1 Yangzhou Guanghui Automobile Engine Valve Corporation Information
7.12.2 Yangzhou Guanghui Automobile Engine Valve Product Portfolio
7.12.3 Yangzhou Guanghui Automobile Engine Valve Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.12.4 Yangzhou Guanghui Main Business and Markets Served
7.12.5 Yangzhou Guanghui Recent Developments/Updates
7.13 Wode Valve
7.13.1 Wode Valve Automobile Engine Valve Corporation Information
7.13.2 Wode Valve Automobile Engine Valve Product Portfolio
7.13.3 Wode Valve Automobile Engine Valve Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.13.4 Wode Valve Main Business and Markets Served
7.13.5 Wode Valve Recent Developments/Updates
7.14 AnFu
7.14.1 AnFu Automobile Engine Valve Corporation Information
7.14.2 AnFu Automobile Engine Valve Product Portfolio
7.14.3 AnFu Automobile Engine Valve Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.14.4 AnFu Main Business and Markets Served
7.14.5 AnFu Recent Developments/Updates
7.15 JinQingLong
7.15.1 JinQingLong Automobile Engine Valve Corporation Information
7.15.2 JinQingLong Automobile Engine Valve Product Portfolio
7.15.3 JinQingLong Automobile Engine Valve Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.15.4 JinQingLong Main Business and Markets Served
7.15.5 JinQingLong Recent Developments/Updates
7.16 Tyen Machinery
7.16.1 Tyen Machinery Automobile Engine Valve Corporation Information
7.16.2 Tyen Machinery Automobile Engine Valve Product Portfolio
7.16.3 Tyen Machinery Automobile Engine Valve Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.16.4 Tyen Machinery Main Business and Markets Served
7.16.5 Tyen Machinery Recent Developments/Updates
7.17 Burg
7.17.1 Burg Automobile Engine Valve Corporation Information
7.17.2 Burg Automobile Engine Valve Product Portfolio
7.17.3 Burg Automobile Engine Valve Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.17.4 Burg Main Business and Markets Served
7.17.5 Burg Recent Developments/Updates
7.18 SSV
7.18.1 SSV Automobile Engine Valve Corporation Information
7.18.2 SSV Automobile Engine Valve Product Portfolio
7.18.3 SSV Automobile Engine Valve Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.18.4 SSV Main Business and Markets Served
7.18.5 SSV Recent Developments/Updates
7.19 Ferrea
7.19.1 Ferrea Automobile Engine Valve Corporation Information
7.19.2 Ferrea Automobile Engine Valve Product Portfolio
7.19.3 Ferrea Automobile Engine Valve Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.19.4 Ferrea Main Business and Markets Served
7.19.5 Ferrea Recent Developments/Updates
7.20 Tongcheng
7.20.1 Tongcheng Automobile Engine Valve Corporation Information
7.20.2 Tongcheng Automobile Engine Valve Product Portfolio
7.20.3 Tongcheng Automobile Engine Valve Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.20.4 Tongcheng Main Business and Markets Served
7.20.5 Tongcheng Recent Developments/Updates
7.21 SINUS
7.21.1 SINUS Automobile Engine Valve Corporation Information
7.21.2 SINUS Automobile Engine Valve Product Portfolio
7.21.3 SINUS Automobile Engine Valve Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.21.4 SINUS Main Business and Markets Served
7.21.5 SINUS Recent Developments/Updates
8 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
8.1 Automobile Engine Valve Industry Chain Analysis
8.2 Automobile Engine Valve Key Raw Materials
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.3 Automobile Engine Valve Production Mode & Process
8.4 Automobile Engine Valve Sales and Marketing
8.4.1 Automobile Engine Valve Sales Channels
8.4.2 Automobile Engine Valve Distributors
8.5 Automobile Engine Valve Customers
9 Automobile Engine Valve Market Dynamics
9.1 Automobile Engine Valve Industry Trends
9.2 Automobile Engine Valve Market Drivers
9.3 Automobile Engine Valve Market Challenges
9.4 Automobile Engine Valve Market Restraints
10 Research Finding and Conclusion
11 Methodology and Data Source
11.1 Methodology/Research Approach
11.1.1 Research Programs/Design
11.1.2 Market Size Estimation
11.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
11.2 Data Source
11.2.1 Secondary Sources
11.2.2 Primary Sources
11.3 Author List
11.4 Disclaimer
Published By : QY Research
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