Index
1 Automotive FPGAs Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Automotive FPGAs Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Automotive FPGAs Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2023 VS 2030
1.2.2 Low-End
1.2.3 Mid-Range
1.2.4 High-End
1.3 Automotive FPGAs Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Automotive FPGAs Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Application: 2023 VS 2030
1.3.2 OEM
1.3.3 Aftermarket
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global Automotive FPGAs Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.3 Global Automotive FPGAs Production Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.4 Global Automotive FPGAs Market Average Price Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.5 Assumptions and Limitations
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Automotive FPGAs Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.2 Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.3 Global Key Players of Automotive FPGAs, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
2.4 Global Automotive FPGAs Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.5 Global Automotive FPGAs Average Price by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.6 Global Key Manufacturers of Automotive FPGAs, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
2.7 Global Key Manufacturers of Automotive FPGAs, Product Offered and Application
2.8 Global Key Manufacturers of Automotive FPGAs, Date of Enter into This Industry
2.9 Automotive FPGAs Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.9.1 Automotive FPGAs Market Concentration Rate
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Automotive FPGAs Players Market Share by Revenue
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Automotive FPGAs Production by Region
3.1 Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.2 Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value by Region (2019-2030)
3.2.1 Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.2.2 Global Forecasted Production Value of Automotive FPGAs by Region (2025-2030)
3.3 Global Automotive FPGAs Production Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.4 Global Automotive FPGAs Production by Region (2019-2030)
3.4.1 Global Automotive FPGAs Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.4.2 Global Forecasted Production of Automotive FPGAs by Region (2025-2030)
3.5 Global Automotive FPGAs Market Price Analysis by Region (2019-2024)
3.6 Global Automotive FPGAs Production and Value, Year-over-Year Growth
3.6.1 North America Automotive FPGAs Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.2 Europe Automotive FPGAs Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.3 China Automotive FPGAs Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.4 Japan Automotive FPGAs Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.5 South Korea Automotive FPGAs Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
4 Automotive FPGAs Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Automotive FPGAs Consumption Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.2 Global Automotive FPGAs Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.2.1 Global Automotive FPGAs Consumption by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global Automotive FPGAs Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030)
4.3 North America
4.3.1 North America Automotive FPGAs Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.3.2 North America Automotive FPGAs Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.3.3 United States
4.3.4 Canada
4.4 Europe
4.4.1 Europe Automotive FPGAs Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.4.2 Europe Automotive FPGAs Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.4.3 Germany
4.4.4 France
4.4.5 U.K.
4.4.6 Italy
4.4.7 Russia
4.5 Asia Pacific
4.5.1 Asia Pacific Automotive FPGAs Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.5.2 Asia Pacific Automotive FPGAs Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.5.3 China
4.5.4 Japan
4.5.5 South Korea
4.5.6 China Taiwan
4.5.7 Southeast Asia
4.5.8 India
4.6 Latin America, Middle East & Africa
4.6.1 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automotive FPGAs Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.6.2 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automotive FPGAs Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.6.3 Mexico
4.6.4 Brazil
4.6.5 Turkey
5 Segment by Type
5.1 Global Automotive FPGAs Production by Type (2019-2030)
5.1.1 Global Automotive FPGAs Production by Type (2019-2024)
5.1.2 Global Automotive FPGAs Production by Type (2025-2030)
5.1.3 Global Automotive FPGAs Production Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.2 Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value by Type (2019-2030)
5.2.1 Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value by Type (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value by Type (2025-2030)
5.2.3 Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.3 Global Automotive FPGAs Price by Type (2019-2030)
6 Segment by Application
6.1 Global Automotive FPGAs Production by Application (2019-2030)
6.1.1 Global Automotive FPGAs Production by Application (2019-2024)
6.1.2 Global Automotive FPGAs Production by Application (2025-2030)
6.1.3 Global Automotive FPGAs Production Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.2 Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value by Application (2019-2030)
6.2.1 Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value by Application (2019-2024)
6.2.2 Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value by Application (2025-2030)
6.2.3 Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.3 Global Automotive FPGAs Price by Application (2019-2030)
7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 Xilinx(AMD)
7.1.1 Xilinx(AMD) Automotive FPGAs Corporation Information
7.1.2 Xilinx(AMD) Automotive FPGAs Product Portfolio
7.1.3 Xilinx(AMD) Automotive FPGAs Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.1.4 Xilinx(AMD) Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 Xilinx(AMD) Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 Intel
7.2.1 Intel Automotive FPGAs Corporation Information
7.2.2 Intel Automotive FPGAs Product Portfolio
7.2.3 Intel Automotive FPGAs Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.2.4 Intel Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 Intel Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 Microchip
7.3.1 Microchip Automotive FPGAs Corporation Information
7.3.2 Microchip Automotive FPGAs Product Portfolio
7.3.3 Microchip Automotive FPGAs Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.3.4 Microchip Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 Microchip Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 latTic
7.4.1 latTic Automotive FPGAs Corporation Information
7.4.2 latTic Automotive FPGAs Product Portfolio
7.4.3 latTic Automotive FPGAs Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.4.4 latTic Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 latTic Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 Achronix
7.5.1 Achronix Automotive FPGAs Corporation Information
7.5.2 Achronix Automotive FPGAs Product Portfolio
7.5.3 Achronix Automotive FPGAs Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.5.4 Achronix Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 Achronix Recent Developments/Updates
7.6 Gowin Semiconductor Corp
7.6.1 Gowin Semiconductor Corp Automotive FPGAs Corporation Information
7.6.2 Gowin Semiconductor Corp Automotive FPGAs Product Portfolio
7.6.3 Gowin Semiconductor Corp Automotive FPGAs Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.6.4 Gowin Semiconductor Corp Main Business and Markets Served
7.6.5 Gowin Semiconductor Corp Recent Developments/Updates
8 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
8.1 Automotive FPGAs Industry Chain Analysis
8.2 Automotive FPGAs Key Raw Materials
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.3 Automotive FPGAs Production Mode & Process
8.4 Automotive FPGAs Sales and Marketing
8.4.1 Automotive FPGAs Sales Channels
8.4.2 Automotive FPGAs Distributors
8.5 Automotive FPGAs Customers
9 Automotive FPGAs Market Dynamics
9.1 Automotive FPGAs Industry Trends
9.2 Automotive FPGAs Market Drivers
9.3 Automotive FPGAs Market Challenges
9.4 Automotive FPGAs Market Restraints
10 Research Finding and Conclusion
11 Methodology and Data Source
11.1 Methodology/Research Approach
11.1.1 Research Programs/Design
11.1.2 Market Size Estimation
11.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
11.2 Data Source
11.2.1 Secondary Sources
11.2.2 Primary Sources
11.3 Author List
11.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Automotive FPGAs Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 2. Global Automotive FPGAs Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 3. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Capacity (K Units) by Manufacturers in 2023
Table 4. Global Automotive FPGAs Production by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 5. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 6. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 8. Global Automotive FPGAs Industry Ranking 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Automotive FPGAs as of 2023)
Table 10. Global Market Automotive FPGAs Average Price by Manufacturers (USD/Unit) & (2019-2024)
Table 11. Manufacturers Automotive FPGAs Production Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Automotive FPGAs Product Types
Table 13. Global Automotive FPGAs Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 15. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 17. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 18. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 19. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 20. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 21. Global Automotive FPGAs Production (K Units) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 22. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 23. Global Automotive FPGAs Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 24. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 25. Global Automotive FPGAs Market Average Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 26. Global Automotive FPGAs Market Average Price (USD/Unit) by Region (2025-2030)
Table 27. Global Automotive FPGAs Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 28. Global Automotive FPGAs Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 29. Global Automotive FPGAs Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 30. Global Automotive FPGAs Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 31. Global Automotive FPGAs Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 32. North America Automotive FPGAs Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 33. North America Automotive FPGAs Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 34. North America Automotive FPGAs Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 35. Europe Automotive FPGAs Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 36. Europe Automotive FPGAs Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Automotive FPGAs Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 38. Asia Pacific Automotive FPGAs Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Automotive FPGAs Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Automotive FPGAs Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 41. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automotive FPGAs Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automotive FPGAs Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automotive FPGAs Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 44. Global Automotive FPGAs Production (K Units) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 45. Global Automotive FPGAs Production (K Units) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 46. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 47. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 48. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 49. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 50. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 51. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 52. Global Automotive FPGAs Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 53. Global Automotive FPGAs Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 54. Global Automotive FPGAs Production (K Units) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 55. Global Automotive FPGAs Production (K Units) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 56. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 57. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 58. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 59. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 60. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 61. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 62. Global Automotive FPGAs Price (USD/Unit) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 63. Global Automotive FPGAs Price (USD/Unit) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 64. Xilinx(AMD) Automotive FPGAs Corporation Information
Table 65. Xilinx(AMD) Specification and Application
Table 66. Xilinx(AMD) Automotive FPGAs Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 67. Xilinx(AMD) Main Business and Markets Served
Table 68. Xilinx(AMD) Recent Developments/Updates
Table 69. Intel Automotive FPGAs Corporation Information
Table 70. Intel Specification and Application
Table 71. Intel Automotive FPGAs Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 72. Intel Main Business and Markets Served
Table 73. Intel Recent Developments/Updates
Table 74. Microchip Automotive FPGAs Corporation Information
Table 75. Microchip Specification and Application
Table 76. Microchip Automotive FPGAs Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 77. Microchip Main Business and Markets Served
Table 78. Microchip Recent Developments/Updates
Table 79. latTic Automotive FPGAs Corporation Information
Table 80. latTic Specification and Application
Table 81. latTic Automotive FPGAs Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 82. latTic Main Business and Markets Served
Table 83. latTic Recent Developments/Updates
Table 84. Achronix Automotive FPGAs Corporation Information
Table 85. Achronix Specification and Application
Table 86. Achronix Automotive FPGAs Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 87. Achronix Main Business and Markets Served
Table 88. Achronix Recent Developments/Updates
Table 89. Gowin Semiconductor Corp Automotive FPGAs Corporation Information
Table 90. Gowin Semiconductor Corp Specification and Application
Table 91. Gowin Semiconductor Corp Automotive FPGAs Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 92. Gowin Semiconductor Corp Main Business and Markets Served
Table 93. Gowin Semiconductor Corp Recent Developments/Updates
Table 94. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 95. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 96. Automotive FPGAs Distributors List
Table 97. Automotive FPGAs Customers List
Table 98. Automotive FPGAs Market Trends
Table 99. Automotive FPGAs Market Drivers
Table 100. Automotive FPGAs Market Challenges
Table 101. Automotive FPGAs Market Restraints
Table 102. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 103. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 104. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Automotive FPGAs
Figure 2. Global Automotive FPGAs Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 3. Global Automotive FPGAs Market Share by Type: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 4. Low-End Product Picture
Figure 5. Mid-Range Product Picture
Figure 6. High-End Product Picture
Figure 7. Global Automotive FPGAs Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 8. Global Automotive FPGAs Market Share by Application: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 9. OEM
Figure 10. Aftermarket
Figure 11. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 12. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value (US$ Million) & (2019-2030)
Figure 13. Global Automotive FPGAs Production (K Units) & (2019-2030)
Figure 14. Global Automotive FPGAs Average Price (USD/Unit) & (2019-2030)
Figure 15. Automotive FPGAs Report Years Considered
Figure 16. Automotive FPGAs Production Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 17. Automotive FPGAs Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2019 VS 2023
Figure 18. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Automotive FPGAs Revenue in 2023
Figure 19. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 20. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Value Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 21. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Figure 22. Global Automotive FPGAs Production Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 23. North America Automotive FPGAs Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 24. Europe Automotive FPGAs Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 25. China Automotive FPGAs Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 26. Japan Automotive FPGAs Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 27. South Korea Automotive FPGAs Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 28. Global Automotive FPGAs Consumption by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Figure 29. Global Automotive FPGAs Consumption Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 30. North America Automotive FPGAs Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 31. North America Automotive FPGAs Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 32. Canada Automotive FPGAs Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 33. U.S. Automotive FPGAs Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 34. Europe Automotive FPGAs Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 35. Europe Automotive FPGAs Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 36. Germany Automotive FPGAs Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 37. France Automotive FPGAs Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 38. U.K. Automotive FPGAs Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 39. Italy Automotive FPGAs Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 40. Russia Automotive FPGAs Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 41. Asia Pacific Automotive FPGAs Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 42. Asia Pacific Automotive FPGAs Consumption Market Share by Regions (2019-2030)
Figure 43. China Automotive FPGAs Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 44. Japan Automotive FPGAs Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 45. South Korea Automotive FPGAs Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 46. China Taiwan Automotive FPGAs Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 47. Southeast Asia Automotive FPGAs Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 48. India Automotive FPGAs Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 49. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automotive FPGAs Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 50. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Automotive FPGAs Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 51. Mexico Automotive FPGAs Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 52. Brazil Automotive FPGAs Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 53. Turkey Automotive FPGAs Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 54. GCC Countries Automotive FPGAs Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Figure 55. Global Production Market Share of Automotive FPGAs by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 56. Global Production Value Market Share of Automotive FPGAs by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 57. Global Automotive FPGAs Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 58. Global Production Market Share of Automotive FPGAs by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 59. Global Production Value Market Share of Automotive FPGAs by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 60. Global Automotive FPGAs Price (USD/Unit) by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 61. Automotive FPGAs Value Chain
Figure 62. Automotive FPGAs Production Process
Figure 63. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 64. Distributors Profiles
Figure 65. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 66. Data Triangulation