The Market Reports

Index

1 Automotive Parking Radar Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Automotive Parking Radar
1.2 Automotive Parking Radar Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Automotive Parking Radar Market Size Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2021 VS 2027
1.2.2 Forward
1.2.3 Rear View
1.3 Automotive Parking Radar Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Comparison by Application: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
1.3.2 Passenger Vehicles
1.3.3 Commercial Vehicles
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Automotive Parking Radar Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.4.2 Global Automotive Parking Radar Production Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5 Global Market Size by Region
1.5.1 Global Automotive Parking Radar Market Size Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
1.5.2 North America Automotive Parking Radar Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.3 Europe Automotive Parking Radar Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.4 Japan Automotive Parking Radar Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)

2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Automotive Parking Radar Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.2 Global Automotive Parking Radar Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.3 Automotive Parking Radar Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.4 Global Automotive Parking Radar Average Price by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.5 Manufacturers Automotive Parking Radar Production Sites, Area Served, Product Types
2.6 Automotive Parking Radar Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.6.1 Automotive Parking Radar Market Concentration Rate
2.6.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Automotive Parking Radar Players Market Share by Revenue
2.6.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

3 Production and Capacity by Region
3.1 Global Production of Automotive Parking Radar Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
3.2 Global Automotive Parking Radar Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
3.3 Global Automotive Parking Radar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.4 North America Automotive Parking Radar Production
3.4.1 North America Automotive Parking Radar Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.4.2 North America Automotive Parking Radar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.5 Europe Automotive Parking Radar Production
3.5.1 Europe Automotive Parking Radar Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.5.2 Europe Automotive Parking Radar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.6 Japan Automotive Parking Radar Production
3.6.1 Japan Automotive Parking Radar Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.6.2 Japan Automotive Parking Radar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)

4 Global Automotive Parking Radar Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Automotive Parking Radar Consumption by Region
4.1.1 Global Automotive Parking Radar Consumption by Region
4.1.2 Global Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Market Share by Region
4.2 North America
4.2.1 North America Automotive Parking Radar Consumption by Country
4.2.2 U.S.
4.2.3 Canada
4.3 Europe
4.3.1 Europe Automotive Parking Radar Consumption by Country
4.3.2 Germany
4.3.3 France
4.3.4 U.K.
4.3.5 Italy
4.3.6 Russia
4.4 Asia Pacific
4.4.1 Asia Pacific Automotive Parking Radar Consumption by Region
4.4.2 China
4.4.3 Japan
4.4.4 South Korea
4.4.5 Taiwan
4.4.6 Southeast Asia
4.4.7 India
4.4.8 Australia
4.5 Latin America
4.5.1 Latin America Automotive Parking Radar Consumption by Country
4.5.2 Mexico
4.5.3 Brazil

5 Production, Revenue, Price Trend by Type
5.1 Global Automotive Parking Radar Production Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
5.2 Global Automotive Parking Radar Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
5.3 Global Automotive Parking Radar Price by Type (2016-2021)

6 Consumption Analysis by Application
6.1 Global Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
6.2 Global Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)

7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 Bosch
7.1.1 Bosch Automotive Parking Radar Corporation Information
7.1.2 Bosch Automotive Parking Radar Product Portfolio
7.1.3 Bosch Automotive Parking Radar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.1.4 Bosch Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 Bosch Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 Denso
7.2.1 Denso Automotive Parking Radar Corporation Information
7.2.2 Denso Automotive Parking Radar Product Portfolio
7.2.3 Denso Automotive Parking Radar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.2.4 Denso Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 Denso Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 Fujitsu Ten
7.3.1 Fujitsu Ten Automotive Parking Radar Corporation Information
7.3.2 Fujitsu Ten Automotive Parking Radar Product Portfolio
7.3.3 Fujitsu Ten Automotive Parking Radar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.3.4 Fujitsu Ten Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 Fujitsu Ten Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 Continental
7.4.1 Continental Automotive Parking Radar Corporation Information
7.4.2 Continental Automotive Parking Radar Product Portfolio
7.4.3 Continental Automotive Parking Radar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.4.4 Continental Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 Continental Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 Autoliv
7.5.1 Autoliv Automotive Parking Radar Corporation Information
7.5.2 Autoliv Automotive Parking Radar Product Portfolio
7.5.3 Autoliv Automotive Parking Radar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.5.4 Autoliv Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 Autoliv Recent Developments/Updates
7.6 Delphi
7.6.1 Delphi Automotive Parking Radar Corporation Information
7.6.2 Delphi Automotive Parking Radar Product Portfolio
7.6.3 Delphi Automotive Parking Radar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.6.4 Delphi Main Business and Markets Served
7.6.5 Delphi Recent Developments/Updates
7.7 ZF
7.7.1 ZF Automotive Parking Radar Corporation Information
7.7.2 ZF Automotive Parking Radar Product Portfolio
7.7.3 ZF Automotive Parking Radar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.7.4 ZF Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 ZF Recent Developments/Updates
7.8 Valeo
7.8.1 Valeo Automotive Parking Radar Corporation Information
7.8.2 Valeo Automotive Parking Radar Product Portfolio
7.8.3 Valeo Automotive Parking Radar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.8.4 Valeo Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 Valeo Recent Developments/Updates
7.9 Hella
7.9.1 Hella Automotive Parking Radar Corporation Information
7.9.2 Hella Automotive Parking Radar Product Portfolio
7.9.3 Hella Automotive Parking Radar Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.9.4 Hella Main Business and Markets Served
7.9.5 Hella Recent Developments/Updates

8 Automotive Parking Radar Manufacturing Cost Analysis
8.1 Automotive Parking Radar Key Raw Materials Analysis
8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
8.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price Trend
8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Automotive Parking Radar
8.4 Automotive Parking Radar Industrial Chain Analysis

9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
9.1 Marketing Channel
9.2 Automotive Parking Radar Distributors List
9.3 Automotive Parking Radar Customers

10 Market Dynamics
10.1 Automotive Parking Radar Industry Trends
10.2 Automotive Parking Radar Growth Drivers
10.3 Automotive Parking Radar Market Challenges
10.4 Automotive Parking Radar Market Restraints

11 Production and Supply Forecast
11.1 Global Forecasted Production of Automotive Parking Radar by Region (2022-2027)
11.2 North America Automotive Parking Radar Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.3 Europe Automotive Parking Radar Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.4 Japan Automotive Parking Radar Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)

12 Consumption and Demand Forecast
12.1 Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Automotive Parking Radar
12.2 North America Forecasted Consumption of Automotive Parking Radar by Country
12.3 Europe Market Forecasted Consumption of Automotive Parking Radar by Country
12.4 Asia Pacific Market Forecasted Consumption of Automotive Parking Radar by Region
12.5 Latin America Forecasted Consumption of Automotive Parking Radar by Country

13 Forecast by Type and by Application (2022-2027)
13.1 Global Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.1 Global Forecasted Production of Automotive Parking Radar by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Automotive Parking Radar by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.3 Global Forecasted Price of Automotive Parking Radar by Type (2022-2027)
13.2 Global Forecasted Consumption of Automotive Parking Radar by Application (2022-2027)

14 Research Finding and Conclusion

15 Methodology and Data Source
15.1 Methodology/Research Approach
15.1.1 Research Programs/Design
15.1.2 Market Size Estimation
15.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
15.2 Data Source
15.2.1 Secondary Sources
15.2.2 Primary Sources
15.3 Author List
15.4 Disclaimer

List of Tables

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Automotive Parking Radar Market Size by Type (M Units) & (US$ Million) (2021 VS 2027)
Table 2. Global Automotive Parking Radar Consumption (M Units) Comparison by Application: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Table 3. Automotive Parking Radar Market Size Comparison by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Table 4. Global Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units) by Manufacturers
Table 5. Global Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 6. Global Automotive Parking Radar Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 7. Global Automotive Parking Radar Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 8. Global Automotive Parking Radar Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Automotive Parking Radar as of 2020)
Table 10. Global Market Automotive Parking Radar Average Price (US$/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 11. Manufacturers Automotive Parking Radar Production Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Automotive Parking Radar Product Types
Table 13. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 14. Global Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 15. Global Automotive Parking Radar Revenue (US$ Million) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 16. Global Automotive Parking Radar Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 17. Global Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 18. North America Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 19. Europe Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 20. Japan Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 21. Global Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Market by Region (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Table 22. Global Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 23. North America Automotive Parking Radar Consumption by Country (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Table 24. Europe Automotive Parking Radar Consumption by Country (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Table 25. Asia Pacific Automotive Parking Radar Consumption by Region (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Table 26. Latin America Automotive Parking Radar Consumption by Countries (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Table 27. Global Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 28. Global Automotive Parking Radar Production Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 29. Global Automotive Parking Radar Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 30. Global Automotive Parking Radar Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 31. Global Automotive Parking Radar Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 32. Global Automotive Parking Radar Consumption by Application (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Table 33. Global Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table 34. Global Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
Table 35. Bosch Automotive Parking Radar Corporation Information
Table 36. Bosch Specification and Application
Table 37. Bosch Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 38. Bosch Main Business and Markets Served
Table 39. Bosch Recent Developments/Updates
Table 40. Denso Automotive Parking Radar Corporation Information
Table 41. Denso Specification and Application
Table 42. Denso Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 43. Denso Main Business and Markets Served
Table 44. Denso Recent Developments/Updates
Table 45. Fujitsu Ten Automotive Parking Radar Corporation Information
Table 46. Fujitsu Ten Specification and Application
Table 47. Fujitsu Ten Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 48. Fujitsu Ten Main Business and Markets Served
Table 49. Fujitsu Ten Recent Developments/Updates
Table 50. Continental Automotive Parking Radar Corporation Information
Table 51. Continental Specification and Application
Table 52. Continental Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 53. Continental Main Business and Markets Served
Table 54. Continental Recent Developments/Updates
Table 55. Autoliv Automotive Parking Radar Corporation Information
Table 56. Autoliv Specification and Application
Table 57. Autoliv Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 58. Autoliv Main Business and Markets Served
Table 59. Autoliv Recent Developments/Updates
Table 60. Delphi Automotive Parking Radar Corporation Information
Table 61. Delphi Specification and Application
Table 62. Delphi Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 63. Delphi Main Business and Markets Served
Table 64. Delphi Recent Developments/Updates
Table 65. ZF Automotive Parking Radar Corporation Information
Table 66. ZF Specification and Application
Table 67. ZF Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 68. ZF Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. ZF Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Valeo Automotive Parking Radar Corporation Information
Table 71. Valeo Specification and Application
Table 72. Valeo Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 73. Valeo Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Valeo Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Hella Automotive Parking Radar Corporation Information
Table 76. Hella Specification and Application
Table 77. Hella Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 78. Hella Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Hella Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Table 81. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Table 82. Automotive Parking Radar Distributors List
Table 83. Automotive Parking Radar Customers List
Table 84. Automotive Parking Radar Market Trends
Table 85. Automotive Parking Radar Growth Drivers
Table 86. Automotive Parking Radar Market Challenges
Table 87. Automotive Parking Radar Market Restraints
Table 88. Global Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units) Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table 89. North America Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (M Units)
Table 90. Europe Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (M Units)
Table 91. Asia Pacific Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (M Units)
Table 92. Latin America Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (M Units)
Table 93. Global Automotive Parking Radar Production Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (M Units)
Table 94. Global Automotive Parking Radar Revenue Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 95. Global Automotive Parking Radar Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (US$/Unit)
Table 96. Global Automotive Parking Radar Consumption (M Units) Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table 97. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 98. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 99. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Automotive Parking Radar
Figure 2. Global Automotive Parking Radar Market Share by Type: 2020 VS 2027
Figure 3. Forward Product Picture
Figure 4. Rear View Product Picture
Figure 5. Global Automotive Parking Radar Market Share by Application: 2020 VS 2027
Figure 6. Passenger Vehicles
Figure 7. Commercial Vehicles
Figure 8. Global Automotive Parking Radar Revenue (US$ Million), 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Figure 9. Global Automotive Parking Radar Revenue (US$ Million) (2016-2027)
Figure 10. Global Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units) & (2016-2027)
Figure 11. North America Automotive Parking Radar Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 12. Europe Automotive Parking Radar Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 13. Japan Automotive Parking Radar Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 14. Automotive Parking Radar Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 15. Global Automotive Parking Radar Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 16. Automotive Parking Radar Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2016 VS 2020
Figure 17. Global Market Automotive Parking Radar Average Price (US$/Unit) of Key Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 18. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Automotive Parking Radar Revenue in 2020
Figure 19. Global Automotive Parking Radar Production Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 20. North America Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 21. Europe Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 22. Japan Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 23. Global Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 24. Global Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Market Share by Region in 2020
Figure 25. North America Automotive Parking Radar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Figure 26. North America Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 27. Canada Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Figure 28. U.S. Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Figure 29. Europe Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Figure 30. Europe Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 31. Germany America Automotive Parking Radar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Figure 32. France Automotive Parking Radar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Figure 33. U.K. Automotive Parking Radar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Figure 34. Italy Automotive Parking Radar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Figure 35. Russia Automotive Parking Radar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Figure 36. Asia Pacific Automotive Parking Radar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Figure 37. Asia Pacific Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2020
Figure 38. China Automotive Parking Radar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Figure 39. Japan Automotive Parking Radar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Figure 40. South Korea Automotive Parking Radar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Figure 41. Taiwan Automotive Parking Radar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Figure 42. Southeast Asia Automotive Parking Radar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Figure 43. India Automotive Parking Radar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Figure 44. Australia Automotive Parking Radar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Figure 45. Latin America Automotive Parking Radar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Figure 46. Latin America Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 47. Mexico Automotive Parking Radar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Figure 48. Brazil Automotive Parking Radar Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (M Units)
Figure 49. Production Market Share of Automotive Parking Radar by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 50. Production Market Share of Automotive Parking Radar by Type in 2020
Figure 51. Revenue Share of Automotive Parking Radar by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 52. Revenue Market Share of Automotive Parking Radar by Type in 2020
Figure 53. Global Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 54. Global Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure 55. Global Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 56. Key Raw Materials Price Trend
Figure 57. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Automotive Parking Radar
Figure 58. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Automotive Parking Radar
Figure 59. Automotive Parking Radar Industrial Chain Analysis
Figure 60. Channels of Distribution
Figure 61. Distributors Profiles
Figure 62. Global Automotive Parking Radar Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Figure 63. North America Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 64. Europe Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 65. Japan Automotive Parking Radar Production (M Units) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 66. Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Automotive Parking Radar (2015-2027) & (M Units)
Figure 67. Global Automotive Parking Radar Production Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Figure 68. Global Automotive Parking Radar Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Figure 69. Global Automotive Parking Radar Consumption Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Figure 70. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 71. Data Triangulation