Index
1 Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Dicaprylyl Carbonate Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2023 VS 2030
1.2.2 Cosmetic Grade Dicaprylyl Carbonate
1.2.3 Other Grade Dicaprylyl Carbonate
1.3 Dicaprylyl Carbonate Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Application: 2023 VS 2030
1.3.2 Face Care Products
1.3.3 Sunscreen Skin Care Products
1.3.4 Others
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.3 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.4 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Average Price Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.5 Assumptions and Limitations
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.2 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.3 Global Key Players of Dicaprylyl Carbonate, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
2.4 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.5 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Average Price by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.6 Global Key Manufacturers of Dicaprylyl Carbonate, Manufacturing Base Distribution and Headquarters
2.7 Global Key Manufacturers of Dicaprylyl Carbonate, Product Offered and Application
2.8 Global Key Manufacturers of Dicaprylyl Carbonate, Date of Enter into This Industry
2.9 Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.9.1 Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Concentration Rate
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Dicaprylyl Carbonate Players Market Share by Revenue
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production by Region
3.1 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.2 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value by Region (2019-2030)
3.2.1 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.2.2 Global Forecasted Production Value of Dicaprylyl Carbonate by Region (2025-2030)
3.3 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.4 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production by Region (2019-2030)
3.4.1 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.4.2 Global Forecasted Production of Dicaprylyl Carbonate by Region (2025-2030)
3.5 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Price Analysis by Region (2019-2024)
3.6 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production and Value, Year-over-Year Growth
3.6.1 North America Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.2 Europe Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.3 China Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.4 Japan Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.5 South Korea Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
4 Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.2 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.2.1 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption by Region (2019-2024)
4.2.2 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030)
4.3 North America
4.3.1 North America Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.3.2 North America Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.3.3 United States
4.3.4 Canada
4.4 Europe
4.4.1 Europe Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.4.2 Europe Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.4.3 Germany
4.4.4 France
4.4.5 U.K.
4.4.6 Italy
4.4.7 Russia
4.5 Asia Pacific
4.5.1 Asia Pacific Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.5.2 Asia Pacific Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.5.3 China
4.5.4 Japan
4.5.5 South Korea
4.5.6 China Taiwan
4.5.7 Southeast Asia
4.5.8 India
4.6 Latin America, Middle East & Africa
4.6.1 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.6.2 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.6.3 Mexico
4.6.4 Brazil
4.6.5 Turkey
5 Segment by Type
5.1 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production by Type (2019-2030)
5.1.1 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production by Type (2019-2024)
5.1.2 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production by Type (2025-2030)
5.1.3 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.2 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value by Type (2019-2030)
5.2.1 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value by Type (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value by Type (2025-2030)
5.2.3 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.3 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Price by Type (2019-2030)
6 Segment by Application
6.1 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production by Application (2019-2030)
6.1.1 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production by Application (2019-2024)
6.1.2 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production by Application (2025-2030)
6.1.3 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.2 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value by Application (2019-2030)
6.2.1 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value by Application (2019-2024)
6.2.2 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value by Application (2025-2030)
6.2.3 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.3 Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Price by Application (2019-2030)
7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 BASF
7.1.1 BASF Dicaprylyl Carbonate Corporation Information
7.1.2 BASF Dicaprylyl Carbonate Product Portfolio
7.1.3 BASF Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.1.4 BASF Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 BASF Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 Taiwan NJC Corporation
7.2.1 Taiwan NJC Corporation Dicaprylyl Carbonate Corporation Information
7.2.2 Taiwan NJC Corporation Dicaprylyl Carbonate Product Portfolio
7.2.3 Taiwan NJC Corporation Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.2.4 Taiwan NJC Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 Taiwan NJC Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 Solvay
7.3.1 Solvay Dicaprylyl Carbonate Corporation Information
7.3.2 Solvay Dicaprylyl Carbonate Product Portfolio
7.3.3 Solvay Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.3.4 Solvay Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 Solvay Recent Developments/Updates
8 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
8.1 Dicaprylyl Carbonate Industry Chain Analysis
8.2 Dicaprylyl Carbonate Key Raw Materials
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.3 Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Mode & Process
8.4 Dicaprylyl Carbonate Sales and Marketing
8.4.1 Dicaprylyl Carbonate Sales Channels
8.4.2 Dicaprylyl Carbonate Distributors
8.5 Dicaprylyl Carbonate Customers
9 Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Dynamics
9.1 Dicaprylyl Carbonate Industry Trends
9.2 Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Drivers
9.3 Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Challenges
9.4 Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Restraints
10 Research Finding and Conclusion
11 Methodology and Data Source
11.1 Methodology/Research Approach
11.1.1 Research Programs/Design
11.1.2 Market Size Estimation
11.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
11.2 Data Source
11.2.1 Secondary Sources
11.2.2 Primary Sources
11.3 Author List
11.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 2. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 3. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Capacity (MT) by Manufacturers in 2023
Table 4. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (MT)
Table 5. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 6. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 7. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 8. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Industry Ranking 2022 VS 2023 VS 2024
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Dicaprylyl Carbonate as of 2023)
Table 10. Global Market Dicaprylyl Carbonate Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/MT) & (2019-2024)
Table 11. Manufacturers Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Dicaprylyl Carbonate Product Types
Table 13. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 15. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 17. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 18. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 19. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 20. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (MT)
Table 21. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production (MT) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 22. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 23. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production (MT) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 24. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 25. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Average Price (US$/MT) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 26. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Average Price (US$/MT) by Region (2025-2030)
Table 27. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (MT)
Table 28. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (MT)
Table 29. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 30. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (MT)
Table 31. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 32. North America Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (MT)
Table 33. North America Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (MT)
Table 34. North America Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (MT)
Table 35. Europe Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (MT)
Table 36. Europe Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (MT)
Table 37. Europe Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (MT)
Table 38. Asia Pacific Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (MT)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (MT)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (MT)
Table 41. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (MT)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (MT)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (MT)
Table 44. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production (MT) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 45. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production (MT) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 46. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 47. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 48. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 49. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 50. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 51. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 52. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Price (US$/MT) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 53. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Price (US$/MT) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 54. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production (MT) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 55. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production (MT) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 56. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 57. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 58. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 59. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 60. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 61. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 62. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Price (US$/MT) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 63. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Price (US$/MT) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 64. BASF Dicaprylyl Carbonate Corporation Information
Table 65. BASF Specification and Application
Table 66. BASF Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production (MT), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 67. BASF Main Business and Markets Served
Table 68. BASF Recent Developments/Updates
Table 69. Taiwan NJC Corporation Dicaprylyl Carbonate Corporation Information
Table 70. Taiwan NJC Corporation Specification and Application
Table 71. Taiwan NJC Corporation Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production (MT), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 72. Taiwan NJC Corporation Main Business and Markets Served
Table 73. Taiwan NJC Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
Table 74. Solvay Dicaprylyl Carbonate Corporation Information
Table 75. Solvay Specification and Application
Table 76. Solvay Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production (MT), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/MT) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 77. Solvay Main Business and Markets Served
Table 78. Solvay Recent Developments/Updates
Table 79. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 80. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 81. Dicaprylyl Carbonate Distributors List
Table 82. Dicaprylyl Carbonate Customers List
Table 83. Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Trends
Table 84. Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Drivers
Table 85. Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Challenges
Table 86. Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Restraints
Table 87. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 88. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 89. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Dicaprylyl Carbonate
Figure 2. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 3. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Share by Type: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 4. Cosmetic Grade Dicaprylyl Carbonate Product Picture
Figure 5. Other Grade Dicaprylyl Carbonate Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 7. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Share by Application: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 8. Face Care Products
Figure 9. Sunscreen Skin Care Products
Figure 10. Others
Figure 11. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 12. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value (US$ Million) & (2019-2030)
Figure 13. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Capacity (MT) & (2019-2030)
Figure 14. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production (MT) & (2019-2030)
Figure 15. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Average Price (US$/MT) & (2019-2030)
Figure 16. Dicaprylyl Carbonate Report Years Considered
Figure 17. Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 18. Dicaprylyl Carbonate Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2019 VS 2023
Figure 19. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Dicaprylyl Carbonate Revenue in 2023
Figure 20. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 21. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 22. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (MT)
Figure 23. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 24. North America Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 25. Europe Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 26. China Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 27. Japan Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 28. South Korea Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 29. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (MT)
Figure 30. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 31. North America Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (MT)
Figure 32. North America Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 33. Canada Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (MT)
Figure 34. U.S. Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (MT)
Figure 35. Europe Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (MT)
Figure 36. Europe Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 37. Germany Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (MT)
Figure 38. France Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (MT)
Figure 39. U.K. Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (MT)
Figure 40. Italy Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (MT)
Figure 41. Russia Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (MT)
Figure 42. Asia Pacific Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (MT)
Figure 43. Asia Pacific Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption Market Share by Regions (2019-2030)
Figure 44. China Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (MT)
Figure 45. Japan Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (MT)
Figure 46. South Korea Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (MT)
Figure 47. China Taiwan Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (MT)
Figure 48. Southeast Asia Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (MT)
Figure 49. India Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (MT)
Figure 50. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (MT)
Figure 51. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 52. Mexico Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (MT)
Figure 53. Brazil Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (MT)
Figure 54. Turkey Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (MT)
Figure 55. GCC Countries Dicaprylyl Carbonate Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2024) & (MT)
Figure 56. Global Production Market Share of Dicaprylyl Carbonate by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 57. Global Production Value Market Share of Dicaprylyl Carbonate by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 58. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Price (US$/MT) by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 59. Global Production Market Share of Dicaprylyl Carbonate by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 60. Global Production Value Market Share of Dicaprylyl Carbonate by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 61. Global Dicaprylyl Carbonate Price (US$/MT) by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 62. Dicaprylyl Carbonate Value Chain
Figure 63. Dicaprylyl Carbonate Production Process
Figure 64. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 65. Distributors Profiles
Figure 66. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 67. Data Triangulation