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Global IC Test Handlers Market 2025 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2029

Global IC Test Handlers Market 2025 by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application, Forecast to 2029

Publishing Date : Mar, 2025

License Type :
 

Report Code : 1776171

No of Pages : 122

Synopsis
The global IC Test Handlers market size was valued at USD 1836.4 million in 2022 and is forecast to a readjusted size of USD 3818.7 million by 2029 with a CAGR of 11.0% during review period.
Test Handler in Semiconductors are primarily used to for sorting, testing and transferring chips with the simple electrical interface diagram: ATE → ITA → DUT (package) ← Handler. And these machines are capable of processing thousands of chips in an hour. Normally, packaged parts use a handler to place the device on a customized interface board, then IC chip handler transfers finished chips to the inspection equipment for final visual and electrical performance test and then sort the chips into good, bad or other bins based on test results. Note: ATE: Automatic Test Equipment; ITA: Interface Test Adapter; DUT: Device Under Test.
Global 5 largest manufacturers of IC Test Handlers are Cohu, Inc. (Xcerra), Changchuan Technology, Advantest, Hon Precision and Techwing, which make up about 57%. Among them, Cohu, Inc. (Xcerra) is the leader with about 21% market share.
China is the largest market, with a share about 47%, followed by North America and South Korea, with share about 13% and 14%. In terms of product type, Pick-and-Place Handlers occupy the largest share of the total market, about 47%. And in terms of product application, the largest application is OSATs, followed by IDMs.
The Global Info Research report includes an overview of the development of the IC Test Handlers industry chain, the market status of IDMs (Gravity Handlers, Turret Handlers), OSATs (Gravity Handlers, Turret Handlers), and key enterprises in developed and developing market, and analysed the cutting-edge technology, patent, hot applications and market trends of IC Test Handlers.
Regionally, the report analyzes the IC Test Handlers markets in key regions. North America and Europe are experiencing steady growth, driven by government initiatives and increasing consumer awareness. Asia-Pacific, particularly China, leads the global IC Test Handlers market, with robust domestic demand, supportive policies, and a strong manufacturing base.
Key Features:
The report presents comprehensive understanding of the IC Test Handlers market. It provides a holistic view of the industry, as well as detailed insights into individual components and stakeholders. The report analysis market dynamics, trends, challenges, and opportunities within the IC Test Handlers industry.
The report involves analyzing the market at a macro level:
Market Sizing and Segmentation: Report collect data on the overall market size, including the sales quantity (Units), revenue generated, and market share of different by Type (e.g., Gravity Handlers, Turret Handlers).
Industry Analysis: Report analyse the broader industry trends, such as government policies and regulations, technological advancements, consumer preferences, and market dynamics. This analysis helps in understanding the key drivers and challenges influencing the IC Test Handlers market.
Regional Analysis: The report involves examining the IC Test Handlers market at a regional or national level. Report analyses regional factors such as government incentives, infrastructure development, economic conditions, and consumer behaviour to identify variations and opportunities within different markets.
Market Projections: Report covers the gathered data and analysis to make future projections and forecasts for the IC Test Handlers market. This may include estimating market growth rates, predicting market demand, and identifying emerging trends.
The report also involves a more granular approach to IC Test Handlers:
Company Analysis: Report covers individual IC Test Handlers manufacturers, suppliers, and other relevant industry players. This analysis includes studying their financial performance, market positioning, product portfolios, partnerships, and strategies.
Consumer Analysis: Report covers data on consumer behaviour, preferences, and attitudes towards IC Test Handlers This may involve surveys, interviews, and analysis of consumer reviews and feedback from different by Application (IDMs, OSATs).
Technology Analysis: Report covers specific technologies relevant to IC Test Handlers. It assesses the current state, advancements, and potential future developments in IC Test Handlers areas.
Competitive Landscape: By analyzing individual companies, suppliers, and consumers, the report present insights into the competitive landscape of the IC Test Handlers market. This analysis helps understand market share, competitive advantages, and potential areas for differentiation among industry players.
Market Validation: The report involves validating findings and projections through primary research, such as surveys, interviews, and focus groups.
Market Segmentation
IC Test Handlers market is split by Type and by Application. For the period 2018-2029, the growth among segments provides accurate calculations and forecasts for consumption value by Type, and by Application in terms of volume and value.
Market segment by Type
Gravity Handlers
Turret Handlers
Pick-and-Place Handlers
Market segment by Application
IDMs
OSATs
Major players covered
Cohu, Inc. (Xcerra & MCT)
Changchuan Technology
Advantest
Hon Precision
Techwing
Tianjin JHT Design
ASM Pacific Technology
Shenkeda Semiconductor
Kanematsu (Epson)
Boston Semi Equipment
Chroma ATE
EXIS TECH
SRM Integration
Shanghai Yingshuo
TESEC Corporation
Ueno Seiki
YoungTek Electronics Corp (YTEC)
SYNAX
Innogrity Pte Ltd
Pentamaster
ATECO
Fuzhou Palide
Shanghai Cascol
Shenzhen Biaopu Semiconductor
Shenzhen Good-Machine Automation Equipment
Market segment by region, regional analysis covers
North America (United States, Canada and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and Rest of Europe)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, Southeast Asia, and Australia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Rest of South America)
Middle East & Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, South Africa, and Rest of Middle East & Africa)
The content of the study subjects, includes a total of 15 chapters:
Chapter 1, to describe IC Test Handlers product scope, market overview, market estimation caveats and base year.
Chapter 2, to profile the top manufacturers of IC Test Handlers, with price, sales, revenue and global market share of IC Test Handlers from 2018 to 2023.
Chapter 3, the IC Test Handlers competitive situation, sales quantity, revenue and global market share of top manufacturers are analyzed emphatically by landscape contrast.
Chapter 4, the IC Test Handlers breakdown data are shown at the regional level, to show the sales quantity, consumption value and growth by regions, from 2018 to 2029.
Chapter 5 and 6, to segment the sales by Type and application, with sales market share and growth rate by type, application, from 2018 to 2029.
Chapter 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, to break the sales data at the country level, with sales quantity, consumption value and market share for key countries in the world, from 2017 to 2022.and IC Test Handlers market forecast, by regions, type and application, with sales and revenue, from 2024 to 2029.
Chapter 12, market dynamics, drivers, restraints, trends, Porters Five Forces analysis, and Influence of COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War.
Chapter 13, the key raw materials and key suppliers, and industry chain of IC Test Handlers.
Chapter 14 and 15, to describe IC Test Handlers sales channel, distributors, customers, research findings and conclusion.
Index
1 Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of IC Test Handlers
1.2 Market Estimation Caveats and Base Year
1.3 Market Analysis by Type
1.3.1 Overview: Global IC Test Handlers Consumption Value by Type: 2018 Versus 2022 Versus 2029
1.3.2 Gravity Handlers
1.3.3 Turret Handlers
1.3.4 Pick-and-Place Handlers
1.4 Market Analysis by Application
1.4.1 Overview: Global IC Test Handlers Consumption Value by Application: 2018 Versus 2022 Versus 2029
1.4.2 IDMs
1.4.3 OSATs
1.5 Global IC Test Handlers Market Size & Forecast
1.5.1 Global IC Test Handlers Consumption Value (2018 & 2022 & 2029)
1.5.2 Global IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity (2018-2029)
1.5.3 Global IC Test Handlers Average Price (2018-2029)
2 Manufacturers Profiles
2.1 Cohu, Inc. (Xcerra & MCT)
2.1.1 Cohu, Inc. (Xcerra & MCT) Details
2.1.2 Cohu, Inc. (Xcerra & MCT) Major Business
2.1.3 Cohu, Inc. (Xcerra & MCT) IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.1.4 Cohu, Inc. (Xcerra & MCT) IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.1.5 Cohu, Inc. (Xcerra & MCT) Recent Developments/Updates
2.2 Changchuan Technology
2.2.1 Changchuan Technology Details
2.2.2 Changchuan Technology Major Business
2.2.3 Changchuan Technology IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.2.4 Changchuan Technology IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.2.5 Changchuan Technology Recent Developments/Updates
2.3 Advantest
2.3.1 Advantest Details
2.3.2 Advantest Major Business
2.3.3 Advantest IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.3.4 Advantest IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.3.5 Advantest Recent Developments/Updates
2.4 Hon Precision
2.4.1 Hon Precision Details
2.4.2 Hon Precision Major Business
2.4.3 Hon Precision IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.4.4 Hon Precision IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.4.5 Hon Precision Recent Developments/Updates
2.5 Techwing
2.5.1 Techwing Details
2.5.2 Techwing Major Business
2.5.3 Techwing IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.5.4 Techwing IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.5.5 Techwing Recent Developments/Updates
2.6 Tianjin JHT Design
2.6.1 Tianjin JHT Design Details
2.6.2 Tianjin JHT Design Major Business
2.6.3 Tianjin JHT Design IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.6.4 Tianjin JHT Design IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.6.5 Tianjin JHT Design Recent Developments/Updates
2.7 ASM Pacific Technology
2.7.1 ASM Pacific Technology Details
2.7.2 ASM Pacific Technology Major Business
2.7.3 ASM Pacific Technology IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.7.4 ASM Pacific Technology IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.7.5 ASM Pacific Technology Recent Developments/Updates
2.8 Shenkeda Semiconductor
2.8.1 Shenkeda Semiconductor Details
2.8.2 Shenkeda Semiconductor Major Business
2.8.3 Shenkeda Semiconductor IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.8.4 Shenkeda Semiconductor IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.8.5 Shenkeda Semiconductor Recent Developments/Updates
2.9 Kanematsu (Epson)
2.9.1 Kanematsu (Epson) Details
2.9.2 Kanematsu (Epson) Major Business
2.9.3 Kanematsu (Epson) IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.9.4 Kanematsu (Epson) IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.9.5 Kanematsu (Epson) Recent Developments/Updates
2.10 Boston Semi Equipment
2.10.1 Boston Semi Equipment Details
2.10.2 Boston Semi Equipment Major Business
2.10.3 Boston Semi Equipment IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.10.4 Boston Semi Equipment IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.10.5 Boston Semi Equipment Recent Developments/Updates
2.11 Chroma ATE
2.11.1 Chroma ATE Details
2.11.2 Chroma ATE Major Business
2.11.3 Chroma ATE IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.11.4 Chroma ATE IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.11.5 Chroma ATE Recent Developments/Updates
2.12 EXIS TECH
2.12.1 EXIS TECH Details
2.12.2 EXIS TECH Major Business
2.12.3 EXIS TECH IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.12.4 EXIS TECH IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.12.5 EXIS TECH Recent Developments/Updates
2.13 SRM Integration
2.13.1 SRM Integration Details
2.13.2 SRM Integration Major Business
2.13.3 SRM Integration IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.13.4 SRM Integration IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.13.5 SRM Integration Recent Developments/Updates
2.14 Shanghai Yingshuo
2.14.1 Shanghai Yingshuo Details
2.14.2 Shanghai Yingshuo Major Business
2.14.3 Shanghai Yingshuo IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.14.4 Shanghai Yingshuo IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.14.5 Shanghai Yingshuo Recent Developments/Updates
2.15 TESEC Corporation
2.15.1 TESEC Corporation Details
2.15.2 TESEC Corporation Major Business
2.15.3 TESEC Corporation IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.15.4 TESEC Corporation IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.15.5 TESEC Corporation Recent Developments/Updates
2.16 Ueno Seiki
2.16.1 Ueno Seiki Details
2.16.2 Ueno Seiki Major Business
2.16.3 Ueno Seiki IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.16.4 Ueno Seiki IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.16.5 Ueno Seiki Recent Developments/Updates
2.17 YoungTek Electronics Corp (YTEC)
2.17.1 YoungTek Electronics Corp (YTEC) Details
2.17.2 YoungTek Electronics Corp (YTEC) Major Business
2.17.3 YoungTek Electronics Corp (YTEC) IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.17.4 YoungTek Electronics Corp (YTEC) IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.17.5 YoungTek Electronics Corp (YTEC) Recent Developments/Updates
2.18 SYNAX
2.18.1 SYNAX Details
2.18.2 SYNAX Major Business
2.18.3 SYNAX IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.18.4 SYNAX IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.18.5 SYNAX Recent Developments/Updates
2.19 Innogrity Pte Ltd
2.19.1 Innogrity Pte Ltd Details
2.19.2 Innogrity Pte Ltd Major Business
2.19.3 Innogrity Pte Ltd IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.19.4 Innogrity Pte Ltd IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.19.5 Innogrity Pte Ltd Recent Developments/Updates
2.20 Pentamaster
2.20.1 Pentamaster Details
2.20.2 Pentamaster Major Business
2.20.3 Pentamaster IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.20.4 Pentamaster IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.20.5 Pentamaster Recent Developments/Updates
2.21 ATECO
2.21.1 ATECO Details
2.21.2 ATECO Major Business
2.21.3 ATECO IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.21.4 ATECO IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.21.5 ATECO Recent Developments/Updates
2.22 Fuzhou Palide
2.22.1 Fuzhou Palide Details
2.22.2 Fuzhou Palide Major Business
2.22.3 Fuzhou Palide IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.22.4 Fuzhou Palide IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.22.5 Fuzhou Palide Recent Developments/Updates
2.23 Shanghai Cascol
2.23.1 Shanghai Cascol Details
2.23.2 Shanghai Cascol Major Business
2.23.3 Shanghai Cascol IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.23.4 Shanghai Cascol IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.23.5 Shanghai Cascol Recent Developments/Updates
2.24 Shenzhen Biaopu Semiconductor
2.24.1 Shenzhen Biaopu Semiconductor Details
2.24.2 Shenzhen Biaopu Semiconductor Major Business
2.24.3 Shenzhen Biaopu Semiconductor IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.24.4 Shenzhen Biaopu Semiconductor IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.24.5 Shenzhen Biaopu Semiconductor Recent Developments/Updates
2.25 Shenzhen Good-Machine Automation Equipment
2.25.1 Shenzhen Good-Machine Automation Equipment Details
2.25.2 Shenzhen Good-Machine Automation Equipment Major Business
2.25.3 Shenzhen Good-Machine Automation Equipment IC Test Handlers Product and Services
2.25.4 Shenzhen Good-Machine Automation Equipment IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity, Average Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2018-2023)
2.25.5 Shenzhen Good-Machine Automation Equipment Recent Developments/Updates
3 Competitive Environment: IC Test Handlers by Manufacturer
3.1 Global IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.2 Global IC Test Handlers Revenue by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.3 Global IC Test Handlers Average Price by Manufacturer (2018-2023)
3.4 Market Share Analysis (2022)
3.4.1 Producer Shipments of IC Test Handlers by Manufacturer Revenue ($MM) and Market Share (%): 2022
3.4.2 Top 3 IC Test Handlers Manufacturer Market Share in 2022
3.4.2 Top 6 IC Test Handlers Manufacturer Market Share in 2022
3.5 IC Test Handlers Market: Overall Company Footprint Analysis
3.5.1 IC Test Handlers Market: Region Footprint
3.5.2 IC Test Handlers Market: Company Product Type Footprint
3.5.3 IC Test Handlers Market: Company Product Application Footprint
3.6 New Market Entrants and Barriers to Market Entry
3.7 Mergers, Acquisition, Agreements, and Collaborations
4 Consumption Analysis by Region
4.1 Global IC Test Handlers Market Size by Region
4.1.1 Global IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity by Region (2018-2029)
4.1.2 Global IC Test Handlers Consumption Value by Region (2018-2029)
4.1.3 Global IC Test Handlers Average Price by Region (2018-2029)
4.2 North America IC Test Handlers Consumption Value (2018-2029)
4.3 Europe IC Test Handlers Consumption Value (2018-2029)
4.4 Asia-Pacific IC Test Handlers Consumption Value (2018-2029)
4.5 South America IC Test Handlers Consumption Value (2018-2029)
4.6 Middle East and Africa IC Test Handlers Consumption Value (2018-2029)
5 Market Segment by Type
5.1 Global IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity by Type (2018-2029)
5.2 Global IC Test Handlers Consumption Value by Type (2018-2029)
5.3 Global IC Test Handlers Average Price by Type (2018-2029)
6 Market Segment by Application
6.1 Global IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity by Application (2018-2029)
6.2 Global IC Test Handlers Consumption Value by Application (2018-2029)
6.3 Global IC Test Handlers Average Price by Application (2018-2029)
7 North America
7.1 North America IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity by Type (2018-2029)
7.2 North America IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity by Application (2018-2029)
7.3 North America IC Test Handlers Market Size by Country
7.3.1 North America IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity by Country (2018-2029)
7.3.2 North America IC Test Handlers Consumption Value by Country (2018-2029)
7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
8 Europe
8.1 Europe IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity by Type (2018-2029)
8.2 Europe IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity by Application (2018-2029)
8.3 Europe IC Test Handlers Market Size by Country
8.3.1 Europe IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity by Country (2018-2029)
8.3.2 Europe IC Test Handlers Consumption Value by Country (2018-2029)
8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
9 Asia-Pacific
9.1 Asia-Pacific IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity by Type (2018-2029)
9.2 Asia-Pacific IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity by Application (2018-2029)
9.3 Asia-Pacific IC Test Handlers Market Size by Region
9.3.1 Asia-Pacific IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity by Region (2018-2029)
9.3.2 Asia-Pacific IC Test Handlers Consumption Value by Region (2018-2029)
9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
9.3.5 Korea Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
10 South America
10.1 South America IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity by Type (2018-2029)
10.2 South America IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity by Application (2018-2029)
10.3 South America IC Test Handlers Market Size by Country
10.3.1 South America IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity by Country (2018-2029)
10.3.2 South America IC Test Handlers Consumption Value by Country (2018-2029)
10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
11 Middle East & Africa
11.1 Middle East & Africa IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity by Type (2018-2029)
11.2 Middle East & Africa IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity by Application (2018-2029)
11.3 Middle East & Africa IC Test Handlers Market Size by Country
11.3.1 Middle East & Africa IC Test Handlers Sales Quantity by Country (2018-2029)
11.3.2 Middle East & Africa IC Test Handlers Consumption Value by Country (2018-2029)
11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2018-2029)
12 Market Dynamics
12.1 IC Test Handlers Market Drivers
12.2 IC Test Handlers Market Restraints
12.3 IC Test Handlers Trends Analysis
12.4 Porters Five Forces Analysis
12.4.1 Threat of New Entrants
12.4.2 Bargaining Power of Suppliers
12.4.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers
12.4.4 Threat of Substitutes
12.4.5 Competitive Rivalry
12.5 Influence of COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine War
12.5.1 Influence of COVID-19
12.5.2 Influence of Russia-Ukraine War
13 Raw Material and Industry Chain
13.1 Raw Material of IC Test Handlers and Key Manufacturers
13.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of IC Test Handlers
13.3 IC Test Handlers Production Process
13.4 IC Test Handlers Industrial Chain
14 Shipments by Distribution Channel
14.1 Sales Channel
14.1.1 Direct to End-User
14.1.2 Distributors
14.2 IC Test Handlers Typical Distributors
14.3 IC Test Handlers Typical Customers
15 Research Findings and Conclusion
16 Appendix
16.1 Methodology
16.2 Research Process and Data Source
16.3 Disclaimer

Published By : GlobalInfoResearch

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