Index
1 Report Overview
1.1 Study Scope
1.2 Market Analysis by Type
1.2.1 Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size Growth Rate by Type: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
1.2.2 LiCoO2 Battery
1.2.3 NMC Battery
1.2.4 LiFePO4 Battery
1.2.5 Other
1.3 Market by Application
1.3.1 Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Growth by Application: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
1.3.2 Automotive
1.3.3 Marine
1.3.4 Industrial
1.3.5 Electric Power
1.4 Assumptions and Limitations
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Perspective (2020-2031)
2.2 Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Growth Trends by Region
2.2.1 Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
2.2.2 Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Historic Market Size by Region (2020-2025)
2.2.3 Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Forecasted Market Size by Region (2026-2031)
2.3 Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Dynamics
2.3.1 Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Industry Trends
2.3.2 Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Drivers
2.3.3 Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Challenges
2.3.4 Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Restraints
3 Competition Landscape by Key Players
3.1 Global Top Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Players by Revenue
3.1.1 Global Top Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Players by Revenue (2020-2025)
3.1.2 Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Revenue Market Share by Players (2020-2025)
3.2 Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
3.3 Global Key Players Ranking by Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Revenue
3.4 Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Concentration Ratio
3.4.1 Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.4.2 Global Top 10 and Top 5 Companies by Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Revenue in 2024
3.5 Global Key Players of Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Head office and Area Served
3.6 Global Key Players of Lithium-ion Battery Recycling, Product and Application
3.7 Global Key Players of Lithium-ion Battery Recycling, Date of Enter into This Industry
3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Breakdown Data by Type
4.1 Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Historic Market Size by Type (2020-2025)
4.2 Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Forecasted Market Size by Type (2026-2031)
5 Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Breakdown Data by Application
5.1 Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Historic Market Size by Application (2020-2025)
5.2 Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Forecasted Market Size by Application (2026-2031)
6 North America
6.1 North America Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size (2020-2031)
6.2 North America Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
6.3 North America Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
6.4 North America Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Country (2026-2031)
6.5 United States
6.6 Canada
7 Europe
7.1 Europe Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size (2020-2031)
7.2 Europe Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
7.3 Europe Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
7.4 Europe Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Country (2026-2031)
7.5 Germany
7.6 France
7.7 U.K.
7.8 Italy
7.9 Russia
7.10 Nordic Countries
8 Asia-Pacific
8.1 Asia-Pacific Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size (2020-2031)
8.2 Asia-Pacific Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Growth Rate by Region: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
8.3 Asia-Pacific Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Region (2020-2025)
8.4 Asia-Pacific Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Region (2026-2031)
8.5 China
8.6 Japan
8.7 South Korea
8.8 Southeast Asia
8.9 India
8.10 Australia
9 Latin America
9.1 Latin America Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size (2020-2031)
9.2 Latin America Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
9.3 Latin America Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
9.4 Latin America Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Country (2026-2031)
9.5 Mexico
9.6 Brazil
10 Middle East & Africa
10.1 Middle East & Africa Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size (2020-2031)
10.2 Middle East & Africa Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Growth Rate by Country: 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
10.3 Middle East & Africa Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Country (2020-2025)
10.4 Middle East & Africa Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Country (2026-2031)
10.5 Turkey
10.6 Saudi Arabia
10.7 UAE
11 Key Players Profiles
11.1 Umicore
11.1.1 Umicore Company Details
11.1.2 Umicore Business Overview
11.1.3 Umicore Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Introduction
11.1.4 Umicore Revenue in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025)
11.1.5 Umicore Recent Development
11.2 GEM
11.2.1 GEM Company Details
11.2.2 GEM Business Overview
11.2.3 GEM Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Introduction
11.2.4 GEM Revenue in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025)
11.2.5 GEM Recent Development
11.3 Brunp Recycling
11.3.1 Brunp Recycling Company Details
11.3.2 Brunp Recycling Business Overview
11.3.3 Brunp Recycling Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Introduction
11.3.4 Brunp Recycling Revenue in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025)
11.3.5 Brunp Recycling Recent Development
11.4 SungEel HiTech
11.4.1 SungEel HiTech Company Details
11.4.2 SungEel HiTech Business Overview
11.4.3 SungEel HiTech Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Introduction
11.4.4 SungEel HiTech Revenue in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025)
11.4.5 SungEel HiTech Recent Development
11.5 Taisen Recycling
11.5.1 Taisen Recycling Company Details
11.5.2 Taisen Recycling Business Overview
11.5.3 Taisen Recycling Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Introduction
11.5.4 Taisen Recycling Revenue in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025)
11.5.5 Taisen Recycling Recent Development
11.6 Batrec
11.6.1 Batrec Company Details
11.6.2 Batrec Business Overview
11.6.3 Batrec Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Introduction
11.6.4 Batrec Revenue in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025)
11.6.5 Batrec Recent Development
11.7 Retriev Technologies
11.7.1 Retriev Technologies Company Details
11.7.2 Retriev Technologies Business Overview
11.7.3 Retriev Technologies Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Introduction
11.7.4 Retriev Technologies Revenue in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025)
11.7.5 Retriev Technologies Recent Development
11.8 Tes-Amm(Recupyl)
11.8.1 Tes-Amm(Recupyl) Company Details
11.8.2 Tes-Amm(Recupyl) Business Overview
11.8.3 Tes-Amm(Recupyl) Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Introduction
11.8.4 Tes-Amm(Recupyl) Revenue in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025)
11.8.5 Tes-Amm(Recupyl) Recent Development
11.9 Duesenfeld
11.9.1 Duesenfeld Company Details
11.9.2 Duesenfeld Business Overview
11.9.3 Duesenfeld Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Introduction
11.9.4 Duesenfeld Revenue in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025)
11.9.5 Duesenfeld Recent Development
11.10 4R Energy Corp
11.10.1 4R Energy Corp Company Details
11.10.2 4R Energy Corp Business Overview
11.10.3 4R Energy Corp Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Introduction
11.10.4 4R Energy Corp Revenue in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025)
11.10.5 4R Energy Corp Recent Development
11.11 OnTo Technology
11.11.1 OnTo Technology Company Details
11.11.2 OnTo Technology Business Overview
11.11.3 OnTo Technology Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Introduction
11.11.4 OnTo Technology Revenue in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025)
11.11.5 OnTo Technology Recent Development
12 Analyst's Viewpoints/Conclusions
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size Growth Rate by Type (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Table 2. Key Players of LiCoO2 Battery
Table 3. Key Players of NMC Battery
Table 4. Key Players of LiFePO4 Battery
Table 5. Key Players of Other
Table 6. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size Growth by Application (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Table 7. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Region (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Table 8. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 9. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Share by Region (2020-2025)
Table 10. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Forecasted Market Size by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 11. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Share by Region (2026-2031)
Table 12. Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Trends
Table 13. Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Drivers
Table 14. Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Challenges
Table 15. Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Restraints
Table 16. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Revenue by Players (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 17. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Share by Players (2020-2025)
Table 18. Global Top Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling as of 2024)
Table 19. Ranking of Global Top Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Companies by Revenue (US$ Million) in 2024
Table 20. Global 5 Largest Players Market Share by Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Revenue (CR5 and HHI) & (2020-2025)
Table 21. Global Key Players of Lithium-ion Battery Recycling, Headquarters and Area Served
Table 22. Global Key Players of Lithium-ion Battery Recycling, Product and Application
Table 23. Global Key Players of Lithium-ion Battery Recycling, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 24. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 25. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Type (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 26. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Revenue Market Share by Type (2020-2025)
Table 27. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Forecasted Market Size by Type (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 28. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Revenue Market Share by Type (2026-2031)
Table 29. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Application (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 30. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Revenue Market Share by Application (2020-2025)
Table 31. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Forecasted Market Size by Application (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 32. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Revenue Market Share by Application (2026-2031)
Table 33. North America Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Table 34. North America Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Country (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 35. North America Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Country (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 36. Europe Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Table 37. Europe Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Country (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 38. Europe Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Country (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 39. Asia-Pacific Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size Growth Rate by Region (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Table 40. Asia-Pacific Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Region (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 41. Asia-Pacific Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Region (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 42. Latin America Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Table 43. Latin America Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Country (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 44. Latin America Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Country (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 45. Middle East & Africa Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size Growth Rate by Country (US$ Million): 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Table 46. Middle East & Africa Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Country (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 47. Middle East & Africa Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Country (2026-2031) & (US$ Million)
Table 48. Umicore Company Details
Table 49. Umicore Business Overview
Table 50. Umicore Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Product
Table 51. Umicore Revenue in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 52. Umicore Recent Development
Table 53. GEM Company Details
Table 54. GEM Business Overview
Table 55. GEM Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Product
Table 56. GEM Revenue in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 57. GEM Recent Development
Table 58. Brunp Recycling Company Details
Table 59. Brunp Recycling Business Overview
Table 60. Brunp Recycling Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Product
Table 61. Brunp Recycling Revenue in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 62. Brunp Recycling Recent Development
Table 63. SungEel HiTech Company Details
Table 64. SungEel HiTech Business Overview
Table 65. SungEel HiTech Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Product
Table 66. SungEel HiTech Revenue in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 67. SungEel HiTech Recent Development
Table 68. Taisen Recycling Company Details
Table 69. Taisen Recycling Business Overview
Table 70. Taisen Recycling Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Product
Table 71. Taisen Recycling Revenue in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 72. Taisen Recycling Recent Development
Table 73. Batrec Company Details
Table 74. Batrec Business Overview
Table 75. Batrec Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Product
Table 76. Batrec Revenue in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 77. Batrec Recent Development
Table 78. Retriev Technologies Company Details
Table 79. Retriev Technologies Business Overview
Table 80. Retriev Technologies Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Product
Table 81. Retriev Technologies Revenue in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 82. Retriev Technologies Recent Development
Table 83. Tes-Amm(Recupyl) Company Details
Table 84. Tes-Amm(Recupyl) Business Overview
Table 85. Tes-Amm(Recupyl) Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Product
Table 86. Tes-Amm(Recupyl) Revenue in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 87. Tes-Amm(Recupyl) Recent Development
Table 88. Duesenfeld Company Details
Table 89. Duesenfeld Business Overview
Table 90. Duesenfeld Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Product
Table 91. Duesenfeld Revenue in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 92. Duesenfeld Recent Development
Table 93. 4R Energy Corp Company Details
Table 94. 4R Energy Corp Business Overview
Table 95. 4R Energy Corp Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Product
Table 96. 4R Energy Corp Revenue in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 97. 4R Energy Corp Recent Development
Table 98. OnTo Technology Company Details
Table 99. OnTo Technology Business Overview
Table 100. OnTo Technology Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Product
Table 101. OnTo Technology Revenue in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025) & (US$ Million)
Table 102. OnTo Technology Recent Development
Table 103. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 104. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 105. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 106. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Picture
Figure 2. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size Comparison by Type (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 3. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Share by Type: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 4. LiCoO2 Battery Features
Figure 5. NMC Battery Features
Figure 6. LiFePO4 Battery Features
Figure 7. Other Features
Figure 8. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size by Application (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 9. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Share by Application: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 10. Automotive Case Studies
Figure 11. Marine Case Studies
Figure 12. Industrial Case Studies
Figure 13. Electric Power Case Studies
Figure 14. Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Report Years Considered
Figure 15. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size (US$ Million), Year-over-Year: 2020-2031
Figure 16. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size, (US$ Million), 2020 VS 2024 VS 2031
Figure 17. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Share by Region: 2024 VS 2031
Figure 18. Global Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Share by Players in 2024
Figure 19. Global Top Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Players by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling as of 2024)
Figure 20. The Top 10 and 5 Players Market Share by Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Revenue in 2024
Figure 21. North America Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 22. North America Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 23. United States Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Canada Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 25. Europe Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 26. Europe Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 27. Germany Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 28. France Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 29. U.K. Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 30. Italy Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 31. Russia Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 32. Nordic Countries Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 33. Asia-Pacific Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 34. Asia-Pacific Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Share by Region (2020-2031)
Figure 35. China Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Japan Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 37. South Korea Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Southeast Asia Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 39. India Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Australia Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Latin America Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Latin America Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 43. Mexico Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 44. Brazil Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Middle East & Africa Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 46. Middle East & Africa Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Share by Country (2020-2031)
Figure 47. Turkey Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 48. Saudi Arabia Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 49. UAE Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Market Size YoY Growth (2020-2031) & (US$ Million)
Figure 50. Umicore Revenue Growth Rate in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025)
Figure 51. GEM Revenue Growth Rate in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025)
Figure 52. Brunp Recycling Revenue Growth Rate in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025)
Figure 53. SungEel HiTech Revenue Growth Rate in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025)
Figure 54. Taisen Recycling Revenue Growth Rate in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025)
Figure 55. Batrec Revenue Growth Rate in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025)
Figure 56. Retriev Technologies Revenue Growth Rate in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025)
Figure 57. Tes-Amm(Recupyl) Revenue Growth Rate in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025)
Figure 58. Duesenfeld Revenue Growth Rate in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025)
Figure 59. 4R Energy Corp Revenue Growth Rate in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025)
Figure 60. OnTo Technology Revenue Growth Rate in Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Business (2020-2025)
Figure 61. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 62. Data Triangulation
Figure 63. Key Executives Interviewed