Index
1 Perilla Extracts Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Perilla Extracts
1.2 Perilla Extracts Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Perilla Extracts Market Size Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2021 VS 2027
1.2.2 Powder
1.2.3 Liquid
1.3 Perilla Extracts Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Perilla Extracts Consumption Comparison by Application: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
1.3.2 Food & Beverage
1.3.3 Pharmaceuticals
1.3.4 Personal Care
1.3.5 Other
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Perilla Extracts Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.4.2 Global Perilla Extracts Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.4.3 Global Perilla Extracts Production Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5 Global Perilla Extracts Market by Region
1.5.1 Global Perilla Extracts Market Size Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
1.5.2 North America Perilla Extracts Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.3 Europe Perilla Extracts Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.5 China Perilla Extracts Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.5 Japan Perilla Extracts Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Perilla Extracts Production Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.2 Global Perilla Extracts Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.3 Perilla Extracts Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.4 Global Perilla Extracts Average Price by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.5 Manufacturers Perilla Extracts Production Sites, Area Served, Product Types
2.6 Perilla Extracts Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.6.1 Perilla Extracts Market Concentration Rate
2.6.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Perilla Extracts Players Market Share by Revenue
2.6.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Production and Capacity by Region
3.1 Global Production Capacity of Perilla Extracts Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
3.2 Global Perilla Extracts Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
3.3 Global Perilla Extracts Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.4 North America Perilla Extracts Production
3.4.1 North America Perilla Extracts Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.4.2 North America Perilla Extracts Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.5 Europe Perilla Extracts Production
3.5.1 Europe Perilla Extracts Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.5.2 Europe Perilla Extracts Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.6 China Perilla Extracts Production
3.6.1 China Perilla Extracts Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.6.2 China Perilla Extracts Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.7 Japan Perilla Extracts Production
3.7.1 Japan Perilla Extracts Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.7.2 Japan Perilla Extracts Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
4 Global Perilla Extracts Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Perilla Extracts Consumption by Region
4.1.1 Global Perilla Extracts Consumption by Region
4.1.2 Global Perilla Extracts Consumption Market Share by Region
4.2 North America
4.2.1 North America Perilla Extracts Consumption by Country
4.2.2 U.S.
4.2.3 Canada
4.3 Europe
4.3.1 Europe Perilla Extracts Consumption by Country
4.3.2 Germany
4.3.3 France
4.3.4 U.K.
4.3.5 Italy
4.3.6 Russia
4.4 Asia Pacific
4.4.1 Asia Pacific Perilla Extracts Consumption by Region
4.4.2 China
4.4.3 Japan
4.4.4 South Korea
4.4.5 Taiwan
4.4.6 Southeast Asia
4.4.7 India
4.4.8 Australia
4.5 Latin America
4.5.1 Latin America Perilla Extracts Consumption by Country
4.5.2 Mexico
4.5.3 Brazil
5 Production, Revenue, Price Trend by Type
5.1 Global Perilla Extracts Production Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
5.2 Global Perilla Extracts Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
5.3 Global Perilla Extracts Price by Type (2016-2021)
6 Consumption Analysis by Application
6.1 Global Perilla Extracts Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
6.2 Global Perilla Extracts Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 Amino Up
7.1.1 Amino Up Perilla Extracts Corporation Information
7.1.2 Amino Up Perilla Extracts Product Portfolio
7.1.3 Amino Up Perilla Extracts Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.1.4 Amino Up Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 Amino Up Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 Bolise Co., Limited.
7.2.1 Bolise Co., Limited. Perilla Extracts Corporation Information
7.2.2 Bolise Co., Limited. Perilla Extracts Product Portfolio
7.2.3 Bolise Co., Limited. Perilla Extracts Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.2.4 Bolise Co., Limited. Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 Bolise Co., Limited. Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 Nikko Chemicals
7.3.1 Nikko Chemicals Perilla Extracts Corporation Information
7.3.2 Nikko Chemicals Perilla Extracts Product Portfolio
7.3.3 Nikko Chemicals Perilla Extracts Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.3.4 Nikko Chemicals Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 Nikko Chemicals Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 ETchem
7.4.1 ETchem Perilla Extracts Corporation Information
7.4.2 ETchem Perilla Extracts Product Portfolio
7.4.3 ETchem Perilla Extracts Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.4.4 ETchem Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 ETchem Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 Toyo Sugar Refining
7.5.1 Toyo Sugar Refining Perilla Extracts Corporation Information
7.5.2 Toyo Sugar Refining Perilla Extracts Product Portfolio
7.5.3 Toyo Sugar Refining Perilla Extracts Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.5.4 Toyo Sugar Refining Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 Toyo Sugar Refining Recent Developments/Updates
7.6 DaXingAnLing Lingonberry
7.6.1 DaXingAnLing Lingonberry Perilla Extracts Corporation Information
7.6.2 DaXingAnLing Lingonberry Perilla Extracts Product Portfolio
7.6.3 DaXingAnLing Lingonberry Perilla Extracts Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.6.4 DaXingAnLing Lingonberry Main Business and Markets Served
7.6.5 DaXingAnLing Lingonberry Recent Developments/Updates
7.7 Xi'an Changyue Phytochemistry
7.7.1 Xi'an Changyue Phytochemistry Perilla Extracts Corporation Information
7.7.2 Xi'an Changyue Phytochemistry Perilla Extracts Product Portfolio
7.7.3 Xi'an Changyue Phytochemistry Perilla Extracts Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.7.4 Xi'an Changyue Phytochemistry Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 Xi'an Changyue Phytochemistry Recent Developments/Updates
8 Perilla Extracts Manufacturing Cost Analysis
8.1 Perilla Extracts Key Raw Materials Analysis
8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
8.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price Trend
8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Perilla Extracts
8.4 Perilla Extracts Industrial Chain Analysis
9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
9.1 Marketing Channel
9.2 Perilla Extracts Distributors List
9.3 Perilla Extracts Customers
10 Market Dynamics
10.1 Perilla Extracts Industry Trends
10.2 Perilla Extracts Growth Drivers
10.3 Perilla Extracts Market Challenges
10.4 Perilla Extracts Market Restraints
11 Production and Supply Forecast
11.1 Global Forecasted Production of Perilla Extracts by Region (2022-2027)
11.2 North America Perilla Extracts Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.3 Europe Perilla Extracts Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.4 China Perilla Extracts Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.5 Japan Perilla Extracts Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
12 Consumption and Demand Forecast
12.1 Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Perilla Extracts
12.2 North America Forecasted Consumption of Perilla Extracts by Country
12.3 Europe Market Forecasted Consumption of Perilla Extracts by Country
12.4 Asia Pacific Market Forecasted Consumption of Perilla Extracts by Region
12.5 Latin America Forecasted Consumption of Perilla Extracts by Country
13 Forecast by Type and by Application (2022-2027)
13.1 Global Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.1 Global Forecasted Production of Perilla Extracts by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Perilla Extracts by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.3 Global Forecasted Price of Perilla Extracts by Type (2022-2027)
13.2 Global Forecasted Consumption of Perilla Extracts by Application (2022-2027)
14 Research Finding and Conclusion
15 Methodology and Data Source
15.1 Methodology/Research Approach
15.1.1 Research Programs/Design
15.1.2 Market Size Estimation
15.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
15.2 Data Source
15.2.1 Secondary Sources
15.2.2 Primary Sources
15.3 Author List
15.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Perilla Extracts Market Size by Type (Tons) & (US$ Million) (2021 VS 2027)
Table 2. Global Perilla Extracts Consumption (Tons) Comparison by Application: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Table 3. Perilla Extracts Market Size Comparison by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Table 4. Global Perilla Extracts Production Capacity (Tons) by Manufacturers
Table 5. Global Perilla Extracts Production (Tons) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 6. Global Perilla Extracts Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 7. Global Perilla Extracts Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 8. Global Perilla Extracts Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Perilla Extracts as of 2020)
Table 10. Global Market Perilla Extracts Average Price (US$/Kg) of Key Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 11. Manufacturers Perilla Extracts Production Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Perilla Extracts Product Types
Table 13. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 14. Global Perilla Extracts Production Capacity (Tons) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 15. Global Perilla Extracts Production (Tons) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 16. Global Perilla Extracts Revenue (US$ Million) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 17. Global Perilla Extracts Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 18. Global Perilla Extracts Production Capacity (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Kg) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 19. North America Perilla Extracts Production Capacity (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Kg) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 20. Europe Perilla Extracts Production (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Kg) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 21. China Perilla Extracts Production Capacity (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Kg) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 22. Japan Perilla Extracts Production Capacity (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Kg) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 23. Global Perilla Extracts Consumption Market by Region (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Table 24. Global Perilla Extracts Consumption Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 25. North America Perilla Extracts Consumption by Country (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Table 26. Europe Perilla Extracts Consumption by Country (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Table 27. Asia Pacific Perilla Extracts Consumption by Region (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Table 28. Latin America Perilla Extracts Consumption by Countries (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Table 29. Global Perilla Extracts Production (Tons) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 30. Global Perilla Extracts Production Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 31. Global Perilla Extracts Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 32. Global Perilla Extracts Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 33. Global Perilla Extracts Price (US$/Kg) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 34. Global Perilla Extracts Consumption by Application (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Table 35. Global Perilla Extracts Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table 36. Global Perilla Extracts Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
Table 37. Amino Up Perilla Extracts Corporation Information
Table 38. Amino Up Specification and Application
Table 39. Amino Up Perilla Extracts Production Capacity (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Kg) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 40. Amino Up Main Business and Markets Served
Table 41. Amino Up Recent Developments/Updates
Table 42. Bolise Co., Limited. Perilla Extracts Corporation Information
Table 43. Bolise Co., Limited. Specification and Application
Table 44. Bolise Co., Limited. Perilla Extracts Production Capacity (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Kg) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 45. Bolise Co., Limited. Main Business and Markets Served
Table 46. Bolise Co., Limited. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 47. Nikko Chemicals Perilla Extracts Corporation Information
Table 48. Nikko Chemicals Specification and Application
Table 49. Nikko Chemicals Perilla Extracts Production Capacity (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Kg) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 50. Nikko Chemicals Main Business and Markets Served
Table 51. Nikko Chemicals Recent Developments/Updates
Table 52. ETchem Perilla Extracts Corporation Information
Table 53. ETchem Specification and Application
Table 54. ETchem Perilla Extracts Production Capacity (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Kg) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 55. ETchem Main Business and Markets Served
Table 56. ETchem Recent Developments/Updates
Table 57. Toyo Sugar Refining Perilla Extracts Corporation Information
Table 58. Toyo Sugar Refining Specification and Application
Table 59. Toyo Sugar Refining Perilla Extracts Production Capacity (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Kg) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 60. Toyo Sugar Refining Main Business and Markets Served
Table 61. Toyo Sugar Refining Recent Developments/Updates
Table 62. DaXingAnLing Lingonberry Perilla Extracts Corporation Information
Table 63. DaXingAnLing Lingonberry Specification and Application
Table 64. DaXingAnLing Lingonberry Perilla Extracts Production Capacity (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Kg) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 65. DaXingAnLing Lingonberry Main Business and Markets Served
Table 66. DaXingAnLing Lingonberry Recent Developments/Updates
Table 67. Xi'an Changyue Phytochemistry Perilla Extracts Corporation Information
Table 68. Xi'an Changyue Phytochemistry Specification and Application
Table 69. Xi'an Changyue Phytochemistry Perilla Extracts Production Capacity (Tons), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (US$/Kg) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 70. Xi'an Changyue Phytochemistry Main Business and Markets Served
Table 71. Xi'an Changyue Phytochemistry Recent Developments/Updates
Table 72. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Table 73. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Table 74. Perilla Extracts Distributors List
Table 75. Perilla Extracts Customers List
Table 76. Perilla Extracts Market Trends
Table 77. Perilla Extracts Growth Drivers
Table 78. Perilla Extracts Market Challenges
Table 79. Perilla Extracts Market Restraints
Table 80. Global Perilla Extracts Production (Tons) Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table 81. North America Perilla Extracts Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (Tons)
Table 82. Europe Perilla Extracts Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (Tons)
Table 83. Asia Pacific Perilla Extracts Consumption Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (Tons)
Table 84. Latin America Perilla Extracts Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (Tons)
Table 85. Global Perilla Extracts Production Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (Tons)
Table 86. Global Perilla Extracts Revenue Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 87. Global Perilla Extracts Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (US$/Kg)
Table 88. Global Perilla Extracts Consumption (Tons) Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table 89. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 90. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 91. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Perilla Extracts
Figure 2. Global Perilla Extracts Market Share by Type: 2020 VS 2027
Figure 3. Powder Product Picture
Figure 4. Liquid Product Picture
Figure 5. Global Perilla Extracts Market Share by Application: 2020 VS 2027
Figure 6. Food & Beverage
Figure 7. Pharmaceuticals
Figure 8. Personal Care
Figure 9. Other
Figure 10. Global Perilla Extracts Revenue (US$ Million), 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Figure 11. Global Perilla Extracts Revenue (US$ Million) (2016-2027)
Figure 12. Global Perilla Extracts Production Capacity (Tons) & (2016-2027)
Figure 13. Global Perilla Extracts Production (Tons) & (2016-2027)
Figure 14. North America Perilla Extracts Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 15. Europe Perilla Extracts Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 16. China Perilla Extracts Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 17. Japan Perilla Extracts Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 18. Perilla Extracts Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 19. Global Perilla Extracts Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 20. Perilla Extracts Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2016 VS 2020
Figure 21. Global Market Perilla Extracts Average Price (US$/Kg) of Key Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 22. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Perilla Extracts Revenue in 2020
Figure 23. Global Perilla Extracts Production Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 24. North America Perilla Extracts Production (Tons) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 25. Europe Perilla Extracts Production (Tons) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 26. China Perilla Extracts Production (Tons) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 27. Japan Perilla Extracts Production (Tons) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 28. Global Perilla Extracts Consumption Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 29. Global Perilla Extracts Consumption Market Share by Region in 2020
Figure 30. North America Perilla Extracts Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Figure 31. North America Perilla Extracts Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 32. Canada Perilla Extracts Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Figure 33. U.S. Perilla Extracts Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Figure 34. Europe Perilla Extracts Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Figure 35. Europe Perilla Extracts Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 36. Germany America Perilla Extracts Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Figure 37. France Perilla Extracts Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Figure 38. U.K. Perilla Extracts Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Figure 39. Italy Perilla Extracts Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Figure 40. Russia Perilla Extracts Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Figure 41. Asia Pacific Perilla Extracts Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Figure 42. Asia Pacific Perilla Extracts Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2020
Figure 43. China Perilla Extracts Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Figure 44. Japan Perilla Extracts Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Figure 45. South Korea Perilla Extracts Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Figure 46. Taiwan Perilla Extracts Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Figure 47. Southeast Asia Perilla Extracts Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Figure 48. India Perilla Extracts Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Figure 49. Australia Perilla Extracts Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Figure 50. Latin America Perilla Extracts Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Figure 51. Latin America Perilla Extracts Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 52. Mexico Perilla Extracts Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Figure 53. Brazil Perilla Extracts Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Tons)
Figure 54. Production Market Share of Perilla Extracts by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 55. Production Market Share of Perilla Extracts by Type in 2020
Figure 56. Revenue Share of Perilla Extracts by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 57. Revenue Market Share of Perilla Extracts by Type in 2020
Figure 58. Global Perilla Extracts Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 59. Global Perilla Extracts Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure 60. Global Perilla Extracts Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 61. Key Raw Materials Price Trend
Figure 62. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Perilla Extracts
Figure 63. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Perilla Extracts
Figure 64. Perilla Extracts Industrial Chain Analysis
Figure 65. Channels of Distribution
Figure 66. Distributors Profiles
Figure 67. Global Perilla Extracts Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Figure 68. North America Perilla Extracts Production (Tons) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 69. Europe Perilla Extracts Production (Tons) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 70. China Perilla Extracts Production (Tons) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 71. Japan Perilla Extracts Production (Tons) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 72. Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Perilla Extracts (2015-2027) & (Tons)
Figure 73. Global Perilla Extracts Production Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Figure 74. Global Perilla Extracts Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Figure 75. Global Perilla Extracts Consumption Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Figure 76. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 77. Data Triangulation