The Market Reports

Index

1 Pet Nutrition Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Pet Nutrition
1.2 Pet Nutrition Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Pet Nutrition Sales Growth Rate Comparison by Type (2021-2027)
1.2.2 Proteins
1.2.3 Minerals
1.2.4 Vitamins
1.2.5 Other
1.3 Pet Nutrition Segment by Application
1.3.1 Pet Nutrition Sales Comparison by Application: (2021-2027)
1.3.2 Pet Cat
1.3.3 Pet Dog
1.3.4 Other
1.4 Global Pet Nutrition Market Size Estimates and Forecasts
1.4.1 Global Pet Nutrition Revenue 2016-2027
1.4.2 Global Pet Nutrition Sales 2016-2027
1.4.3 Pet Nutrition Market Size by Region: 2016 Versus 2021 Versus 2027

2 Pet Nutrition Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Pet Nutrition Sales Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.2 Global Pet Nutrition Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.3 Global Pet Nutrition Average Price by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.4 Manufacturers Pet Nutrition Manufacturing Sites, Area Served, Product Type
2.5 Pet Nutrition Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.5.1 Pet Nutrition Market Concentration Rate
2.5.2 The Global Top 5 and Top 10 Largest Pet Nutrition Players Market Share by Revenue
2.5.3 Global Pet Nutrition Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.6 Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans

3 Pet Nutrition Retrospective Market Scenario by Region
3.1 Global Pet Nutrition Retrospective Market Scenario in Revenue by Region: 2016-2021
3.2 Global Pet Nutrition Retrospective Market Scenario in Sales by Region: 2016-2021
3.3 North America Pet Nutrition Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.3.1 North America Pet Nutrition Sales by Country
3.3.2 North America Pet Nutrition Revenue by Country
3.3.3 U.S.
3.3.4 Canada
3.4 Europe Pet Nutrition Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.4.1 Europe Pet Nutrition Sales by Country
3.4.2 Europe Pet Nutrition Revenue by Country
3.4.3 Germany
3.4.4 France
3.4.5 U.K.
3.4.6 Italy
3.4.7 Russia
3.5 Asia Pacific Pet Nutrition Market Facts & Figures by Region
3.5.1 Asia Pacific Pet Nutrition Sales by Region
3.5.2 Asia Pacific Pet Nutrition Revenue by Region
3.5.3 China
3.5.4 Japan
3.5.5 South Korea
3.5.6 India
3.5.7 Australia
3.5.8 Taiwan
3.5.9 Indonesia
3.5.10 Thailand
3.5.11 Malaysia
3.5.12 Philippines
3.5.13 Vietnam
3.6 Latin America Pet Nutrition Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.6.1 Latin America Pet Nutrition Sales by Country
3.6.2 Latin America Pet Nutrition Revenue by Country
3.6.3 Mexico
3.6.4 Brazil
3.6.5 Argentina
3.7 Middle East and Africa Pet Nutrition Market Facts & Figures by Country
3.7.1 Middle East and Africa Pet Nutrition Sales by Country
3.7.2 Middle East and Africa Pet Nutrition Revenue by Country
3.7.3 Turkey
3.7.4 Saudi Arabia
3.7.5 UAE
4 Global Pet Nutrition Historic Market Analysis by Type
4.1 Global Pet Nutrition Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
4.2 Global Pet Nutrition Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
4.3 Global Pet Nutrition Price by Type (2016-2021)

5 Global Pet Nutrition Historic Market Analysis by Application
5.1 Global Pet Nutrition Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
5.2 Global Pet Nutrition Revenue Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
5.3 Global Pet Nutrition Price by Application (2016-2021)

6 Key Companies Profiled
6.1 Hill's
6.1.1 Hill's Corporation Information
6.1.2 Hill's Description and Business Overview
6.1.3 Hill's Pet Nutrition Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.1.4 Hill's Product Portfolio
6.1.5 Hill's Recent Developments/Updates
6.2 Petcurean
6.2.1 Petcurean Corporation Information
6.2.2 Petcurean Description and Business Overview
6.2.3 Petcurean Pet Nutrition Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.2.4 Petcurean Product Portfolio
6.2.5 Petcurean Recent Developments/Updates
6.3 Kerry
6.3.1 Kerry Corporation Information
6.3.2 Kerry Description and Business Overview
6.3.3 Kerry Pet Nutrition Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.3.4 Kerry Product Portfolio
6.3.5 Kerry Recent Developments/Updates
6.4 American Pet Nutrition
6.4.1 American Pet Nutrition Corporation Information
6.4.2 American Pet Nutrition Description and Business Overview
6.4.3 American Pet Nutrition Pet Nutrition Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.4.4 American Pet Nutrition Product Portfolio
6.4.5 American Pet Nutrition Recent Developments/Updates
6.5 Lallemand Animal Nutrition
6.5.1 Lallemand Animal Nutrition Corporation Information
6.5.2 Lallemand Animal Nutrition Description and Business Overview
6.5.3 Lallemand Animal Nutrition Pet Nutrition Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.5.4 Lallemand Animal Nutrition Product Portfolio
6.5.5 Lallemand Animal Nutrition Recent Developments/Updates
6.6 Horizon Pet Food
6.6.1 Horizon Pet Food Corporation Information
6.6.2 Horizon Pet Food Description and Business Overview
6.6.3 Horizon Pet Food Pet Nutrition Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.6.4 Horizon Pet Food Product Portfolio
6.6.5 Horizon Pet Food Recent Developments/Updates
6.7 Life Line Pet Nutrition, Inc
6.6.1 Life Line Pet Nutrition, Inc Corporation Information
6.6.2 Life Line Pet Nutrition, Inc Description and Business Overview
6.6.3 Life Line Pet Nutrition, Inc Pet Nutrition Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.4.4 Life Line Pet Nutrition, Inc Product Portfolio
6.7.5 Life Line Pet Nutrition, Inc Recent Developments/Updates
6.8 CANIDAE
6.8.1 CANIDAE Corporation Information
6.8.2 CANIDAE Description and Business Overview
6.8.3 CANIDAE Pet Nutrition Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.8.4 CANIDAE Product Portfolio
6.8.5 CANIDAE Recent Developments/Updates
6.9 Nourse
6.9.1 Nourse Corporation Information
6.9.2 Nourse Description and Business Overview
6.9.3 Nourse Pet Nutrition Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.9.4 Nourse Product Portfolio
6.9.5 Nourse Recent Developments/Updates
6.10 ALC INovators, Inc.
6.10.1 ALC INovators, Inc. Corporation Information
6.10.2 ALC INovators, Inc. Description and Business Overview
6.10.3 ALC INovators, Inc. Pet Nutrition Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.10.4 ALC INovators, Inc. Product Portfolio
6.10.5 ALC INovators, Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
6.11 MAG Pet
6.11.1 MAG Pet Corporation Information
6.11.2 MAG Pet Pet Nutrition Description and Business Overview
6.11.3 MAG Pet Pet Nutrition Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
6.11.4 MAG Pet Product Portfolio
6.11.5 MAG Pet Recent Developments/Updates

7 Pet Nutrition Manufacturing Cost Analysis
7.1 Pet Nutrition Key Raw Materials Analysis
7.1.1 Key Raw Materials
7.1.2 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
7.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
7.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Pet Nutrition
7.4 Pet Nutrition Industrial Chain Analysis

8 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
8.1 Marketing Channel
8.2 Pet Nutrition Distributors List
8.3 Pet Nutrition Customers

9 Pet Nutrition Market Dynamics
9.1 Pet Nutrition Industry Trends
9.2 Pet Nutrition Growth Drivers
9.3 Pet Nutrition Market Challenges
9.4 Pet Nutrition Market Restraints

10 Global Market Forecast
10.1 Pet Nutrition Market Estimates and Projections by Type
10.1.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Pet Nutrition by Type (2022-2027)
10.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Pet Nutrition by Type (2022-2027)
10.2 Pet Nutrition Market Estimates and Projections by Application
10.2.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Pet Nutrition by Application (2022-2027)
10.2.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Pet Nutrition by Application (2022-2027)
10.3 Pet Nutrition Market Estimates and Projections by Region
10.3.1 Global Forecasted Sales of Pet Nutrition by Region (2022-2027)
10.3.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Pet Nutrition by Region (2022-2027)

11 Research Finding and Conclusion

12 Methodology and Data Source
12.1 Methodology/Research Approach
12.1.1 Research Programs/Design
12.1.2 Market Size Estimation
12.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
12.2 Data Source
12.2.1 Secondary Sources
12.2.2 Primary Sources
12.3 Author List
12.4 Disclaimer

List of Tables

List of Tables
Table 1. Global Pet Nutrition Sales (K Units) Growth Rate Comparison by Type (2021-2027)
Table 2. Global Pet Nutrition Sales (K Units) Comparison by Application (2021-2027)
Table 3. Global Pet Nutrition Market Size by Region (US$ Million) (2016 VS 2021 VS 2027)
Table 4. Key Manufacturers Pet Nutrition Covered in This Study
Table 5. Global Pet Nutrition Sales (K Units) of Key Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 6. Global Pet Nutrition Sales Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 7. Global Pet Nutrition Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 8. Global Pet Nutrition Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 9. Global Market Pet Nutrition Average Price (US$/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 10. Manufacturers Pet Nutrition Manufacturing Sites and Area Served
Table 11. Manufacturers Pet Nutrition Product Type
Table 12. Global Pet Nutrition Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 13. Global Pet Nutrition by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) (based on the Revenue in Pet Nutrition as of 2020)
Table 14. Manufacturers Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 15. Global Pet Nutrition Sales by Region (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 16. Global Pet Nutrition Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 17. Global Pet Nutrition Revenue by Region (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 18. North America Pet Nutrition Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 19. North America Pet Nutrition Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 20. North America Pet Nutrition Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 21. North America Pet Nutrition Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 22. Europe Pet Nutrition Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 23. Europe Pet Nutrition Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 24. Europe Pet Nutrition Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 25. Europe Pet Nutrition Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 26. Asia Pacific Pet Nutrition Sales by Region (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 27. Asia Pacific Pet Nutrition Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 28. Asia Pacific Pet Nutrition Revenue by Region (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 29. Asia Pacific Pet Nutrition Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 30. Latin America Pet Nutrition Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 31. Latin America Pet Nutrition Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 32. Latin America Pet Nutrition Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 33. Latin America Pet Nutrition Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 34. Middle East and Africa Pet Nutrition Sales by Country (2016-2021) & (K Units)
Table 35. Middle East and Africa Pet Nutrition Sales Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 36. Middle East and Africa Pet Nutrition Revenue by Country (2016-2021) & (US$ Million)
Table 37. Middle East and Africa Pet Nutrition Revenue Market Share by Country (2016-2021)
Table 38. Global Pet Nutrition Sales (K Units) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 39. Global Pet Nutrition Sales Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 40. Global Pet Nutrition Revenue (Million US$) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 41. Global Pet Nutrition Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 42. Global Pet Nutrition Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 43. Global Pet Nutrition Sales (K Units) by Application (2016-2021)
Table 44. Global Pet Nutrition Sales Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table 45. Global Pet Nutrition Revenue (Million US$) by Application (2016-2021)
Table 46. Global Pet Nutrition Revenue Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table 47. Global Pet Nutrition Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2016-2021)
Table 48. Hill's Corporation Information
Table 49. Hill's Description and Business Overview
Table 50. Hill's Pet Nutrition Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 51. Hill's Pet Nutrition Product
Table 52. Hill's Recent Developments/Updates
Table 53. Petcurean Corporation Information
Table 54. Petcurean Description and Business Overview
Table 55. Petcurean Pet Nutrition Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 56. Petcurean Pet Nutrition Product
Table 57. Petcurean Recent Developments/Updates
Table 58. Kerry Corporation Information
Table 59. Kerry Description and Business Overview
Table 60. Kerry Pet Nutrition Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 61. Kerry Pet Nutrition Product
Table 62. Kerry Recent Developments/Updates
Table 63. American Pet Nutrition Corporation Information
Table 64. American Pet Nutrition Description and Business Overview
Table 65. American Pet Nutrition Pet Nutrition Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 66. American Pet Nutrition Pet Nutrition Product
Table 67. American Pet Nutrition Recent Developments/Updates
Table 68. Lallemand Animal Nutrition Corporation Information
Table 69. Lallemand Animal Nutrition Description and Business Overview
Table 70. Lallemand Animal Nutrition Pet Nutrition Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 71. Lallemand Animal Nutrition Pet Nutrition Product
Table 72. Lallemand Animal Nutrition Recent Developments/Updates
Table 73. Horizon Pet Food Corporation Information
Table 74. Horizon Pet Food Description and Business Overview
Table 75. Horizon Pet Food Pet Nutrition Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 76. Horizon Pet Food Pet Nutrition Product
Table 77. Horizon Pet Food Recent Developments/Updates
Table 78. Life Line Pet Nutrition, Inc Corporation Information
Table 79. Life Line Pet Nutrition, Inc Description and Business Overview
Table 80. Life Line Pet Nutrition, Inc Pet Nutrition Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 81. Life Line Pet Nutrition, Inc Pet Nutrition Product
Table 82. Life Line Pet Nutrition, Inc Recent Developments/Updates
Table 83. CANIDAE Corporation Information
Table 84. CANIDAE Description and Business Overview
Table 85. CANIDAE Pet Nutrition Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 86. CANIDAE Pet Nutrition Product
Table 87. CANIDAE Recent Developments/Updates
Table 88. Nourse Corporation Information
Table 89. Nourse Description and Business Overview
Table 90. Nourse Pet Nutrition Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 91. Nourse Pet Nutrition Product
Table 92. Nourse Recent Developments/Updates
Table 93. ALC INovators, Inc. Corporation Information
Table 94. ALC INovators, Inc. Description and Business Overview
Table 95. ALC INovators, Inc. Pet Nutrition Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 96. ALC INovators, Inc. Pet Nutrition Product
Table 97. ALC INovators, Inc. Recent Developments/Updates
Table 98. MAG Pet Corporation Information
Table 99. MAG Pet Description and Business Overview
Table 100. MAG Pet Pet Nutrition Sales (K Units), Revenue (Million US$), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 101. MAG Pet Pet Nutrition Product
Table 102. MAG Pet Recent Developments/Updates
Table 103. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Table 104. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Table 105. Pet Nutrition Distributors List
Table 106. Pet Nutrition Customers List
Table 107. Pet Nutrition Market Trends
Table 108. Pet Nutrition Growth Drivers
Table 109. Pet Nutrition Market Restraints
Table 110. Global Pet Nutrition Sales Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 111. Global Pet Nutrition Sales Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Table 112. Global Pet Nutrition Revenue Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 113. Global Pet Nutrition Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Table 114. Global Pet Nutrition Sales Forecast by Application (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 115. Global Pet Nutrition Sales Market Share Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table 116. Global Pet Nutrition Revenue Forecast by Application (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 117. Global Pet Nutrition Revenue Market Share Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table 118. Global Pet Nutrition Sales Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (K Units)
Table 119. Global Pet Nutrition Sales Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table 120. Global Pet Nutrition Revenue Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 121. Global Pet Nutrition Revenue Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table 122. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 123. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 124. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Pet Nutrition
Figure 2. Global Pet Nutrition Market Share by Type in 2020 & 2027
Figure 3. Proteins Product Picture
Figure 4. Minerals Product Picture
Figure 5. Vitamins Product Picture
Figure 6. Other Product Picture
Figure 7. Global Pet Nutrition Market Share by Application in 2020 & 2027
Figure 8. Pet Cat
Figure 9. Pet Dog
Figure 10. Other
Figure 11. Global Pet Nutrition Revenue, (US$ Million), 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Figure 12. Global Pet Nutrition Market Size 2016-2027 (US$ Million)
Figure 13. Global Pet Nutrition Sales 2016-2027 (K Units)
Figure 14. Global Pet Nutrition Market Size Market Share by Region: 2016 VS 20210 VS 2027
Figure 15. Pet Nutrition Sales Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 16. Global Pet Nutrition Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 17. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Pet Nutrition Players: Market Share by Revenue in 2020
Figure 18. Pet Nutrition Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2016 VS 2021
Figure 19. Global Pet Nutrition Sales Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 20. Global Pet Nutrition Sales Market Share by Region in 2020
Figure 21. Global Pet Nutrition Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 22. Global Pet Nutrition Revenue Market Share by Region in 2020
Figure 23. U.S. Pet Nutrition Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 24. Canada Pet Nutrition Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 25. Germany Pet Nutrition Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 26. France Pet Nutrition Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 27. U.K. Pet Nutrition Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 28. Italy Pet Nutrition Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 29. Russia Pet Nutrition Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 30. China Pet Nutrition Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 31. Japan Pet Nutrition Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 32. South Korea Pet Nutrition Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 33. India Pet Nutrition Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 34. Australia Pet Nutrition Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 35. Taiwan Pet Nutrition Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 36. Indonesia Pet Nutrition Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 37. Thailand Pet Nutrition Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 38. Malaysia Pet Nutrition Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 39. Philippines Pet Nutrition Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 40. Vietnam Pet Nutrition Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 41. Mexico Pet Nutrition Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 42. Brazil Pet Nutrition Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 43. Argentina Pet Nutrition Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 44. Turkey Pet Nutrition Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 45. Saudi Arabia Pet Nutrition Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 46. UAE Pet Nutrition Revenue Growth Rate (2016-2021) (US$ Million)
Figure 47. Sales Market Share of Pet Nutrition by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 48. Sales Market Share of Pet Nutrition by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 49. Sales Market Share of Pet Nutrition by Application in 2020
Figure 50. Revenue Share of Pet Nutrition by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 51. Revenue Share of Pet Nutrition by Application in 2020
Figure 52. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Pet Nutrition
Figure 53. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Pet Nutrition
Figure 54. Pet Nutrition Industrial Chain Analysis
Figure 55. Channels of Distribution
Figure 56. Distributors Profiles
Figure 57. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 58. Data Triangulation
Figure 59. Key Executives Interviewed