Index
1 Market Overview
1.1 R-141B Introduction
1.2 Market Analysis by Type
1.2.1 Overview: Global R-141B Revenue by Type: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.2.2 OEM
1.2.3 Aftermarket
1.3 Market Analysis by Application
1.3.1 Overview: Global R-141B Revenue by Application: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.3.2 Foaming Agent
1.3.3 Cleaning Agent
1.3.4 Refrigerant
1.3.5 Others
1.4 Global R-141B Market Size & Forecast
1.4.1 Global R-141B Sales in Value (2017 & 2021 & 2028)
1.4.2 Global R-141B Sales in Volume (2017-2028)
1.4.3 Global R-141B Price (2017-2028)
1.5 Global R-141B Production Capacity Analysis
1.5.1 Global R-141B Total Production Capacity (2017-2028)
1.5.2 Global R-141B Production Capacity by Geographic Region
1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends
1.6.1 R-141B Market Drivers
1.6.2 R-141B Market Restraints
1.6.3 R-141B Trends Analysis
2 Manufacturers Profiles
2.1 Daikin
2.1.1 Daikin Details
2.1.2 Daikin Major Business
2.1.3 Daikin R-141B Product and Services
2.1.4 Daikin R-141B Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.2 Chemours
2.2.1 Chemours Details
2.2.2 Chemours Major Business
2.2.3 Chemours R-141B Product and Services
2.2.4 Chemours R-141B Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.3 Arkema
2.3.1 Arkema Details
2.3.2 Arkema Major Business
2.3.3 Arkema R-141B Product and Services
2.3.4 Arkema R-141B Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.4 Dongyue Group
2.4.1 Dongyue Group Details
2.4.2 Dongyue Group Major Business
2.4.3 Dongyue Group R-141B Product and Services
2.4.4 Dongyue Group R-141B Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.5 Zhejiang Juhua
2.5.1 Zhejiang Juhua Details
2.5.2 Zhejiang Juhua Major Business
2.5.3 Zhejiang Juhua R-141B Product and Services
2.5.4 Zhejiang Juhua R-141B Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.6 Mexichem
2.6.1 Mexichem Details
2.6.2 Mexichem Major Business
2.6.3 Mexichem R-141B Product and Services
2.6.4 Mexichem R-141B Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.7 Meilan Chemical
2.7.1 Meilan Chemical Details
2.7.2 Meilan Chemical Major Business
2.7.3 Meilan Chemical R-141B Product and Services
2.7.4 Meilan Chemical R-141B Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.8 Sanmei
2.8.1 Sanmei Details
2.8.2 Sanmei Major Business
2.8.3 Sanmei R-141B Product and Services
2.8.4 Sanmei R-141B Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.9 Sinochem Group
2.9.1 Sinochem Group Details
2.9.2 Sinochem Group Major Business
2.9.3 Sinochem Group R-141B Product and Services
2.9.4 Sinochem Group R-141B Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.10 Linde A.G.
2.10.1 Linde A.G. Details
2.10.2 Linde A.G. Major Business
2.10.3 Linde A.G. R-141B Product and Services
2.10.4 Linde A.G. R-141B Sales, Price, Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3 R-141B Breakdown Data by Manufacturer
3.1 Global R-141B Sales in Volume by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3.2 Global R-141B Revenue by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3.3 Key Manufacturer Market Position in R-141B
3.4 Market Concentration Rate
3.4.1 Top 3 R-141B Manufacturer Market Share in 2021
3.4.2 Top 6 R-141B Manufacturer Market Share in 2021
3.5 Global R-141B Production Capacity by Company: 2021 VS 2022
3.6 Manufacturer by Geography: Head Office and R-141B Production Site
3.7 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
3.8 Mergers & Acquisitions
4 Market Analysis by Region
4.1 Global R-141B Market Size by Region
4.1.1 Global R-141B Sales in Volume by Region (2017-2028)
4.1.2 Global R-141B Revenue by Region (2017-2028)
4.2 North America R-141B Revenue (2017-2028)
4.3 Europe R-141B Revenue (2017-2028)
4.4 Asia-Pacific R-141B Revenue (2017-2028)
4.5 South America R-141B Revenue (2017-2028)
4.6 Middle East and Africa R-141B Revenue (2017-2028)
5 Market Segment by Type
5.1 Global R-141B Sales in Volume by Type (2017-2028)
5.2 Global R-141B Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
5.3 Global R-141B Price by Type (2017-2028)
6 Market Segment by Application
6.1 Global R-141B Sales in Volume by Application (2017-2028)
6.2 Global R-141B Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
6.3 Global R-141B Price by Application (2017-2028)
7 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application
7.1 North America R-141B Sales by Type (2017-2028)
7.2 North America R-141B Sales by Application (2017-2028)
7.3 North America R-141B Market Size by Country
7.3.1 North America R-141B Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
7.3.2 North America R-141B Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
7.3.3 United States Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.4 Canada Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.5 Mexico Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8 Europe by Country, by Type, and by Application
8.1 Europe R-141B Sales by Type (2017-2028)
8.2 Europe R-141B Sales by Application (2017-2028)
8.3 Europe R-141B Market Size by Country
8.3.1 Europe R-141B Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
8.3.2 Europe R-141B Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
8.3.3 Germany Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.4 France Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.5 United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.6 Russia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.7 Italy Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9 Asia-Pacific by Region, by Type, and by Application
9.1 Asia-Pacific R-141B Sales by Type (2017-2028)
9.2 Asia-Pacific R-141B Sales by Application (2017-2028)
9.3 Asia-Pacific R-141B Market Size by Region
9.3.1 Asia-Pacific R-141B Sales in Volume by Region (2017-2028)
9.3.2 Asia-Pacific R-141B Revenue by Region (2017-2028)
9.3.3 China Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.4 Japan Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.5 Korea Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.6 India Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.7 Southeast Asia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.8 Australia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10 South America by Region, by Type, and by Application
10.1 South America R-141B Sales by Type (2017-2028)
10.2 South America R-141B Sales by Application (2017-2028)
10.3 South America R-141B Market Size by Country
10.3.1 South America R-141B Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
10.3.2 South America R-141B Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
10.3.3 Brazil Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10.3.4 Argentina Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11 Middle East & Africa by Country, by Type, and by Application
11.1 Middle East & Africa R-141B Sales by Type (2017-2028)
11.2 Middle East & Africa R-141B Sales by Application (2017-2028)
11.3 Middle East & Africa R-141B Market Size by Country
11.3.1 Middle East & Africa R-141B Sales in Volume by Country (2017-2028)
11.3.2 Middle East & Africa R-141B Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
11.3.3 Turkey Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11.3.4 Egypt Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11.3.5 Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11.3.6 South Africa Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
12 Raw Material and Industry Chain
12.1 Raw Material of R-141B and Key Manufacturers
12.2 Manufacturing Costs Percentage of R-141B
12.3 R-141B Production Process
12.4 R-141B Industrial Chain
13 Sales Channel, Distributors, Traders and Dealers
13.1 Sales Channel
13.1.1 Direct Marketing
13.1.2 Indirect Marketing
13.2 R-141B Typical Distributors
13.3 R-141B Typical Customers
14 Research Findings and Conclusion
15 Appendix
15.1 Methodology
15.2 Research Process and Data Source
15.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
List of Tables
Table 1. Global R-141B Revenue by Type, (USD Million), 2017 & 2021 & 2028
Table 2. Global R-141B Revenue by Application, (USD Million), 2017 & 2021 & 2028
Table 3. Daikin Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 4. Daikin Major Business
Table 5. Daikin R-141B Product and Services
Table 6. Daikin R-141B Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 7. Chemours Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 8. Chemours Major Business
Table 9. Chemours R-141B Product and Services
Table 10. Chemours R-141B Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 11. Arkema Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 12. Arkema Major Business
Table 13. Arkema R-141B Product and Services
Table 14. Arkema R-141B Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 15. Dongyue Group Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 16. Dongyue Group Major Business
Table 17. Dongyue Group R-141B Product and Services
Table 18. Dongyue Group R-141B Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 19. Zhejiang Juhua Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 20. Zhejiang Juhua Major Business
Table 21. Zhejiang Juhua R-141B Product and Services
Table 22. Zhejiang Juhua R-141B Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 23. Mexichem Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 24. Mexichem Major Business
Table 25. Mexichem R-141B Product and Services
Table 26. Mexichem R-141B Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 27. Meilan Chemical Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 28. Meilan Chemical Major Business
Table 29. Meilan Chemical R-141B Product and Services
Table 30. Meilan Chemical R-141B Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 31. Sanmei Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 32. Sanmei Major Business
Table 33. Sanmei R-141B Product and Services
Table 34. Sanmei R-141B Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 35. Sinochem Group Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 36. Sinochem Group Major Business
Table 37. Sinochem Group R-141B Product and Services
Table 38. Sinochem Group R-141B Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 39. Linde A.G. Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors
Table 40. Linde A.G. Major Business
Table 41. Linde A.G. R-141B Product and Services
Table 42. Linde A.G. R-141B Sales (K MT), Price (USD/MT), Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 43. Global R-141B Sales by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022) & (K MT)
Table 44. Global R-141B Revenue by Manufacturer (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022) & (USD Million)
Table 45. Market Position of Manufacturers in R-141B, (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3), Based on Revenue in 2021
Table 46. Global R-141B Production Capacity by Company, (K MT): 2020 VS 2021
Table 47. Head Office and R-141B Production Site of Key Manufacturer
Table 48. R-141B New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
Table 49. R-141B Mergers & Acquisitions in the Past Five Years
Table 50. Global R-141B Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 51. Global R-141B Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 52. Global R-141B Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 53. Global R-141B Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 54. Global R-141B Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 55. Global R-141B Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 56. Global R-141B Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 57. Global R-141B Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 58. Global R-141B Price by Type (2017-2022) & (USD/MT)
Table 59. Global R-141B Price by Type (2023-2028) & (USD/MT)
Table 60. Global R-141B Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 61. Global R-141B Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 62. Global R-141B Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 63. Global R-141B Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 64. Global R-141B Price by Application (2017-2022) & (USD/MT)
Table 65. Global R-141B Price by Application (2023-2028) & (USD/MT)
Table 66. North America R-141B Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 67. North America R-141B Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 68. North America R-141B Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 69. North America R-141B Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 70. North America R-141B Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 71. North America R-141B Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 72. North America R-141B Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 73. North America R-141B Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 74. Europe R-141B Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 75. Europe R-141B Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 76. Europe R-141B Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 77. Europe R-141B Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 78. Europe R-141B Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 79. Europe R-141B Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 80. Europe R-141B Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 81. Europe R-141B Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 82. Asia-Pacific R-141B Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 83. Asia-Pacific R-141B Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 84. Asia-Pacific R-141B Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 85. Asia-Pacific R-141B Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 86. Asia-Pacific R-141B Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 87. Asia-Pacific R-141B Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 88. Asia-Pacific R-141B Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 89. Asia-Pacific R-141B Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 90. South America R-141B Sales by Country (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 91. South America R-141B Sales by Country (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 92. South America R-141B Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 93. South America R-141B Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 94. South America R-141B Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 95. South America R-141B Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 96. South America R-141B Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 97. South America R-141B Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 98. Middle East & Africa R-141B Sales by Region (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 99. Middle East & Africa R-141B Sales by Region (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 100. Middle East & Africa R-141B Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 101. Middle East & Africa R-141B Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 102. Middle East & Africa R-141B Sales by Type (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 103. Middle East & Africa R-141B Sales by Type (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 104. Middle East & Africa R-141B Sales by Application (2017-2022) & (K MT)
Table 105. Middle East & Africa R-141B Sales by Application (2023-2028) & (K MT)
Table 106. R-141B Raw Material
Table 107. Key Manufacturers of R-141B Raw Materials
Table 108. Direct Channel Pros & Cons
Table 109. Indirect Channel Pros & Cons
Table 110. R-141B Typical Distributors
Table 111. R-141B Typical Customers
List of Figures
Figure 1. R-141B Picture
Figure 2. Global R-141B Revenue Market Share by Type in 2021
Figure 3. OEM
Figure 4. Aftermarket
Figure 5. Global R-141B Revenue Market Share by Application in 2021
Figure 6. Foaming Agent
Figure 7. Cleaning Agent
Figure 8. Refrigerant
Figure 9. Others
Figure 10. Global R-141B Revenue, (USD Million) & (K MT): 2017 & 2021 & 2028
Figure 11. Global R-141B Revenue and Forecast (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 12. Global R-141B Sales (2017-2028) & (K MT)
Figure 13. Global R-141B Price (2017-2028) & (USD/MT)
Figure 14. Global R-141B Production Capacity (2017-2028) & (K MT)
Figure 15. Global R-141B Production Capacity by Geographic Region: 2022 VS 2028
Figure 16. R-141B Market Drivers
Figure 17. R-141B Market Restraints
Figure 18. R-141B Market Trends
Figure 19. Global R-141B Sales Market Share by Manufacturer in 2021
Figure 20. Global R-141B Revenue Market Share by Manufacturer in 2021
Figure 21. R-141B Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) in 2021
Figure 22. Top 3 R-141B Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2021
Figure 23. Top 6 R-141B Manufacturer (Revenue) Market Share in 2021
Figure 24. Global R-141B Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 25. Global R-141B Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 26. North America R-141B Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 27. Europe R-141B Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 28. Asia-Pacific R-141B Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 29. South America R-141B Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 30. Middle East & Africa R-141B Revenue (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 31. Global R-141B Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 32. Global R-141B Revenue Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 33. Global R-141B Price by Type (2017-2028) & (USD/MT)
Figure 34. Global R-141B Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 35. Global R-141B Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 36. Global R-141B Price by Application (2017-2028) & (USD/MT)
Figure 37. North America R-141B Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 38. North America R-141B Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 39. North America R-141B Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 40. North America R-141B Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 41. United States R-141B Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 42. Canada R-141B Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 43. Mexico R-141B Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 44. Europe R-141B Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 45. Europe R-141B Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 46. Europe R-141B Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 47. Europe R-141B Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 48. Germany R-141B Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 49. France R-141B Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 50. United Kingdom R-141B Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 51. Russia R-141B Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 52. Italy R-141B Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 53. Asia-Pacific R-141B Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 54. Asia-Pacific R-141B Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 55. Asia-Pacific R-141B Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 56. Asia-Pacific R-141B Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 57. China R-141B Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 58. Japan R-141B Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 59. Korea R-141B Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 60. India R-141B Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 61. Southeast Asia R-141B Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 62. Australia R-141B Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 63. South America R-141B Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 64. South America R-141B Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 65. South America R-141B Sales Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 66. South America R-141B Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 67. Brazil R-141B Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 68. Argentina R-141B Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 69. Middle East & Africa R-141B Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 70. Middle East & Africa R-141B Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 71. Middle East & Africa R-141B Sales Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 72. Middle East & Africa R-141B Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 73. Turkey R-141B Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 74. Egypt R-141B Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 75. Saudi Arabia R-141B Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 76. South Africa R-141B Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 77. Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis of R-141B in 2021
Figure 78. Manufacturing Process Analysis of R-141B
Figure 79. R-141B Industrial Chain
Figure 80. Sales Channel: Direct Channel vs Indirect Channel
Figure 81. Methodology
Figure 82. Research Process and Data Source