Index
1 Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management
1.2 Classification of Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management by Type
1.2.1 Overview: Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size by Type: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.2.2 Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue Market Share by Type in 2021
1.2.3 RF Generators
1.2.4 Reusable Products
1.2.5 Disposable Products
1.3 Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market by Application
1.3.1 Overview: Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size by Application: 2017 Versus 2021 Versus 2028
1.3.2 Hospital
1.3.3 Clinic
1.3.4 Other
1.4 Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size & Forecast
1.5 Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Forecast by Region
1.5.1 Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size by Region: 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
1.5.2 Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size by Region, (2017-2022)
1.5.3 North America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.5.4 Europe Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.5.5 Asia-Pacific Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.5.6 South America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.5.7 Middle East and Africa Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Prospect (2017-2028)
1.6 Market Drivers, Restraints and Trends
1.6.1 Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Drivers
1.6.2 Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Restraints
1.6.3 Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Trends Analysis
2 Company Profiles
2.1 Abbott (St. Jude Medical)
2.1.1 Abbott (St. Jude Medical) Details
2.1.2 Abbott (St. Jude Medical) Major Business
2.1.3 Abbott (St. Jude Medical) Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Product and Solutions
2.1.4 Abbott (St. Jude Medical) Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.1.5 Abbott (St. Jude Medical) Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.2 Avanos Medical
2.2.1 Avanos Medical Details
2.2.2 Avanos Medical Major Business
2.2.3 Avanos Medical Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Product and Solutions
2.2.4 Avanos Medical Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.2.5 Avanos Medical Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.3 Stryker
2.3.1 Stryker Details
2.3.2 Stryker Major Business
2.3.3 Stryker Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Product and Solutions
2.3.4 Stryker Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.3.5 Stryker Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.4 Boston Scientific
2.4.1 Boston Scientific Details
2.4.2 Boston Scientific Major Business
2.4.3 Boston Scientific Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Product and Solutions
2.4.4 Boston Scientific Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.4.5 Boston Scientific Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.5 Medtronic
2.5.1 Medtronic Details
2.5.2 Medtronic Major Business
2.5.3 Medtronic Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Product and Solutions
2.5.4 Medtronic Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.5.5 Medtronic Recent Developments and Future Plans
2.6 Diros Technology
2.6.1 Diros Technology Details
2.6.2 Diros Technology Major Business
2.6.3 Diros Technology Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Product and Solutions
2.6.4 Diros Technology Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue, Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
2.6.5 Diros Technology Recent Developments and Future Plans
3 Market Competition, by Players
3.1 Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue and Share by Players (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
3.2 Market Concentration Rate
3.2.1 Top 3 Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Players Market Share in 2021
3.2.2 Top 10 Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Players Market Share in 2021
3.2.3 Market Competition Trend
3.3 Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Players Head Office, Products and Services Provided
3.4 Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Mergers & Acquisitions
3.5 Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management New Entrants and Expansion Plans
4 Market Size Segment by Type
4.1 Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
4.2 Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
5 Market Size Segment by Application
5.1 Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
5.2 Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
6 North America by Country, by Type, and by Application
6.1 North America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
6.2 North America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
6.3 North America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size by Country
6.3.1 North America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
6.3.2 United States Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
6.3.3 Canada Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
6.3.4 Mexico Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7 Europe by Country, by Type, and by Application
7.1 Europe Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
7.2 Europe Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
7.3 Europe Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size by Country
7.3.1 Europe Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
7.3.2 Germany Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.3 France Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.4 United Kingdom Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.5 Russia Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
7.3.6 Italy Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8 Asia-Pacific by Region, by Type, and by Application
8.1 Asia-Pacific Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
8.2 Asia-Pacific Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
8.3 Asia-Pacific Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size by Region
8.3.1 Asia-Pacific Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Region (2017-2028)
8.3.2 China Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.3 Japan Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.4 South Korea Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.5 India Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.6 Southeast Asia Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
8.3.7 Australia Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9 South America by Country, by Type, and by Application
9.1 South America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
9.2 South America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
9.3 South America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size by Country
9.3.1 South America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
9.3.2 Brazil Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
9.3.3 Argentina Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10 Middle East & Africa by Country, by Type, and by Application
10.1 Middle East & Africa Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Type (2017-2028)
10.2 Middle East & Africa Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Application (2017-2028)
10.3 Middle East & Africa Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size by Country
10.3.1 Middle East & Africa Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Country (2017-2028)
10.3.2 Turkey Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10.3.3 Saudi Arabia Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
10.3.4 UAE Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size and Forecast (2017-2028)
11 Research Findings and Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Methodology
12.2 Research Process and Data Source
12.3 Disclaimer
List of Tables
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Type, (USD Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Table 2. Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Application, (USD Million), 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Table 3. Global Market Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue (Million USD) Comparison by Region (2017 VS 2021 VS 2028)
Table 4. Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue (USD Million) by Region (2017-2022)
Table 5. Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue Market Share by Region (2023-2028)
Table 6. Abbott (St. Jude Medical) Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 7. Abbott (St. Jude Medical) Major Business
Table 8. Abbott (St. Jude Medical) Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Product and Solutions
Table 9. Abbott (St. Jude Medical) Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 10. Avanos Medical Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 11. Avanos Medical Major Business
Table 12. Avanos Medical Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Product and Solutions
Table 13. Avanos Medical Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 14. Stryker Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 15. Stryker Major Business
Table 16. Stryker Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Product and Solutions
Table 17. Stryker Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 18. Boston Scientific Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 19. Boston Scientific Major Business
Table 20. Boston Scientific Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Product and Solutions
Table 21. Boston Scientific Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 22. Medtronic Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 23. Medtronic Major Business
Table 24. Medtronic Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Product and Solutions
Table 25. Medtronic Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 26. Diros Technology Corporate Information, Head Office, and Major Competitors
Table 27. Diros Technology Major Business
Table 28. Diros Technology Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Product and Solutions
Table 29. Diros Technology Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue (USD Million), Gross Margin and Market Share (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 30. Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue (USD Million) by Players (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 31. Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue Share by Players (2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022)
Table 32. Breakdown of Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
Table 33. Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Players Head Office, Products and Services Provided
Table 34. Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Mergers & Acquisitions in the Past Five Years
Table 35. Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management New Entrants and Expansion Plans
Table 36. Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue (USD Million) by Type (2017-2022)
Table 37. Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue Share by Type (2017-2022)
Table 38. Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
Table 39. Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Application (2017-2022)
Table 40. Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
Table 41. North America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 42. North America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 43. North America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 44. North America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 45. North America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 46. North America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 47. Europe Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 48. Europe Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 49. Europe Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 50. Europe Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 51. Europe Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 52. Europe Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 53. Asia-Pacific Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 54. Asia-Pacific Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 55. Asia-Pacific Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 56. Asia-Pacific Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 57. Asia-Pacific Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Region (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 58. Asia-Pacific Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Region (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 59. South America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 60. South America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 61. South America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 62. South America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 63. South America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 64. South America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 65. Middle East & Africa Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Type (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 66. Middle East & Africa Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Type (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 67. Middle East & Africa Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Application (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 68. Middle East & Africa Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Application (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
Table 69. Middle East & Africa Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Country (2017-2022) & (USD Million)
Table 70. Middle East & Africa Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue by Country (2023-2028) & (USD Million)
List of Figures
Figure 1. Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Picture
Figure 2. Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue Market Share by Type in 2021
Figure 3. RF Generators
Figure 4. Reusable Products
Figure 5. Disposable Products
Figure 6. Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue Market Share by Application in 2021
Figure 7. Hospital Picture
Figure 8. Clinic Picture
Figure 9. Other Picture
Figure 10. Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Size, (USD Million): 2017 VS 2021 VS 2028
Figure 11. Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue and Forecast (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 12. Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 13. Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue Market Share by Region in 2021
Figure 14. North America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 15. Europe Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 16. Asia-Pacific Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 17. South America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 18. Middle East and Africa Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue (USD Million) and Growth Rate (2017-2028)
Figure 19. Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Drivers
Figure 20. Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Restraints
Figure 21. Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Trends
Figure 22. Abbott (St. Jude Medical) Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 23. Avanos Medical Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 24. Stryker Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 25. Boston Scientific Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 26. Medtronic Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 27. Diros Technology Recent Developments and Future Plans
Figure 28. Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue Share by Players in 2021
Figure 29. Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) in 2021
Figure 30. Global Top 3 Players Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue Market Share in 2021
Figure 31. Global Top 10 Players Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue Market Share in 2021
Figure 32. Key Players Market Share Trend (Top 3 Market Share: 2020 VS 2021 VS 2022)
Figure 33. Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue Share by Type in 2021
Figure 34. Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Share Forecast by Type (2023-2028)
Figure 35. Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue Share by Application in 2021
Figure 36. Global Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Market Share Forecast by Application (2023-2028)
Figure 37. North America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 38. North America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 39. North America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 40. United States Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 41. Canada Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 42. Mexico Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 43. Europe Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 44. Europe Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 45. Europe Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 46. Germany Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 47. France Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 48. United Kingdom Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 49. Russia Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 50. Italy Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 51. Asia-Pacific Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 52. Asia-Pacific Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 53. Asia-Pacific Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue Market Share by Region (2017-2028)
Figure 54. China Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 55. Japan Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 56. South Korea Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 57. India Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 58. Southeast Asia Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 59. Australia Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 60. South America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 61. South America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 62. South America Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 63. Brazil Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 64. Argentina Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 65. Middle East and Africa Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Sales Market Share by Type (2017-2028)
Figure 66. Middle East and Africa Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Sales Market Share by Application (2017-2028)
Figure 67. Middle East and Africa Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue Market Share by Country (2017-2028)
Figure 68. Turkey Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 69. Saudi Arabia Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 70. UAE Radiofrequency Ablation for Pain Management Revenue and Growth Rate (2017-2028) & (USD Million)
Figure 71. Methodology
Figure 72. Research Process and Data Source