Index
1 Square Fuse Market Overview
1.1 Product Definition
1.2 Square Fuse by Type
1.2.1 Global Square Fuse Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Type: 2023 VS 2030
1.2.2 Low Pressure Type
1.2.3 High Pressure Type
1.3 Square Fuse by Application
1.3.1 Global Square Fuse Market Value Growth Rate Analysis by Application: 2023 VS 2030
1.3.2 Communication
1.3.3 Photovoltaic
1.3.4 Stored Energy
1.3.5 Traffic
1.3.6 Other
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Square Fuse Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.2 Global Square Fuse Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.3 Global Square Fuse Production Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.4.4 Global Square Fuse Market Average Price Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
1.5 Assumptions and Limitations
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Square Fuse Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.2 Global Square Fuse Production Value Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.3 Global Key Players of Square Fuse, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023
2.4 Global Square Fuse Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
2.5 Global Square Fuse Average Price by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
2.6 Global Key Manufacturers of Square Fuse, Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
2.7 Global Key Manufacturers of Square Fuse, Product Type & Application
2.8 Global Key Manufacturers of Square Fuse, Date of Enter into This Industry
2.9 Global Square Fuse Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.9.1 Global Square Fuse Market Concentration Rate
2.9.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Square Fuse Players Market Share by Revenue
2.10 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Square Fuse Production by Region
3.1 Global Square Fuse Production Value Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.2 Global Square Fuse Production Value by Region (2019-2030)
3.2.1 Global Square Fuse Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.2.2 Global Forecasted Production Value of Square Fuse by Region (2025-2030)
3.3 Global Square Fuse Production Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
3.4 Global Square Fuse Production by Region (2019-2030)
3.4.1 Global Square Fuse Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
3.4.2 Global Forecasted Production of Square Fuse by Region (2025-2030)
3.5 Global Square Fuse Market Price Analysis by Region (2019-2024)
3.6 Global Square Fuse Production and Value, Year-over-Year Growth
3.6.1 North America Square Fuse Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.2 Europe Square Fuse Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.3 China Square Fuse Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
3.6.4 Japan Square Fuse Production Value Estimates and Forecasts (2019-2030)
4 Square Fuse Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Square Fuse Consumption Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.2 Global Square Fuse Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.2.1 Global Square Fuse Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.2.2 Global Square Fuse Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030)
4.3 North America
4.3.1 North America Square Fuse Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.3.2 North America Square Fuse Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.3.3 U.S.
4.3.4 Canada
4.4 Europe
4.4.1 Europe Square Fuse Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.4.2 Europe Square Fuse Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.4.3 Germany
4.4.4 France
4.4.5 U.K.
4.4.6 Italy
4.4.7 Netherlands
4.5 Asia Pacific
4.5.1 Asia Pacific Square Fuse Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.5.2 Asia Pacific Square Fuse Consumption by Region (2019-2030)
4.5.3 China
4.5.4 Japan
4.5.5 South Korea
4.5.6 China Taiwan
4.5.7 Southeast Asia
4.5.8 India
4.6 Latin America, Middle East & Africa
4.6.1 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Square Fuse Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
4.6.2 Latin America, Middle East & Africa Square Fuse Consumption by Country (2019-2030)
4.6.3 Mexico
4.6.4 Brazil
4.6.5 Turkey
4.6.6 GCC Countries
5 Segment by Type
5.1 Global Square Fuse Production by Type (2019-2030)
5.1.1 Global Square Fuse Production by Type (2019-2024)
5.1.2 Global Square Fuse Production by Type (2025-2030)
5.1.3 Global Square Fuse Production Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.2 Global Square Fuse Production Value by Type (2019-2030)
5.2.1 Global Square Fuse Production Value by Type (2019-2024)
5.2.2 Global Square Fuse Production Value by Type (2025-2030)
5.2.3 Global Square Fuse Production Value Market Share by Type (2019-2030)
5.3 Global Square Fuse Price by Type (2019-2030)
6 Segment by Application
6.1 Global Square Fuse Production by Application (2019-2030)
6.1.1 Global Square Fuse Production by Application (2019-2024)
6.1.2 Global Square Fuse Production by Application (2025-2030)
6.1.3 Global Square Fuse Production Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.2 Global Square Fuse Production Value by Application (2019-2030)
6.2.1 Global Square Fuse Production Value by Application (2019-2024)
6.2.2 Global Square Fuse Production Value by Application (2025-2030)
6.2.3 Global Square Fuse Production Value Market Share by Application (2019-2030)
6.3 Global Square Fuse Price by Application (2019-2030)
7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 Mersen
7.1.1 Mersen Square Fuse Company Information
7.1.2 Mersen Square Fuse Product Portfolio
7.1.3 Mersen Square Fuse Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.1.4 Mersen Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 Mersen Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 Daicel
7.2.1 Daicel Square Fuse Company Information
7.2.2 Daicel Square Fuse Product Portfolio
7.2.3 Daicel Square Fuse Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.2.4 Daicel Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 Daicel Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 Eaton
7.3.1 Eaton Square Fuse Company Information
7.3.2 Eaton Square Fuse Product Portfolio
7.3.3 Eaton Square Fuse Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.3.4 Eaton Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 Eaton Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 Littelfuse
7.4.1 Littelfuse Square Fuse Company Information
7.4.2 Littelfuse Square Fuse Product Portfolio
7.4.3 Littelfuse Square Fuse Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.4.4 Littelfuse Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 Littelfuse Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 MTA Group
7.5.1 MTA Group Square Fuse Company Information
7.5.2 MTA Group Square Fuse Product Portfolio
7.5.3 MTA Group Square Fuse Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.5.4 MTA Group Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 MTA Group Recent Developments/Updates
7.6 HIITIO
7.6.1 HIITIO Square Fuse Company Information
7.6.2 HIITIO Square Fuse Product Portfolio
7.6.3 HIITIO Square Fuse Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.6.4 HIITIO Main Business and Markets Served
7.6.5 HIITIO Recent Developments/Updates
7.7 Xi 'an Zhongrong Electric
7.7.1 Xi 'an Zhongrong Electric Square Fuse Company Information
7.7.2 Xi 'an Zhongrong Electric Square Fuse Product Portfolio
7.7.3 Xi 'an Zhongrong Electric Square Fuse Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.7.4 Xi 'an Zhongrong Electric Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 Xi 'an Zhongrong Electric Recent Developments/Updates
7.8 Guangdong Chnbel
7.8.1 Guangdong Chnbel Square Fuse Company Information
7.8.2 Guangdong Chnbel Square Fuse Product Portfolio
7.8.3 Guangdong Chnbel Square Fuse Production, Value, Price and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
7.8.4 Guangdong Chnbel Main Business and Markets Served
7.8.5 Guangdong Chnbel Recent Developments/Updates
8 Industry Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
8.1 Square Fuse Industry Chain Analysis
8.2 Square Fuse Key Raw Materials
8.2.1 Key Raw Materials
8.2.2 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
8.3 Square Fuse Production Mode & Process
8.4 Square Fuse Sales and Marketing
8.4.1 Square Fuse Sales Channels
8.4.2 Square Fuse Distributors
8.5 Square Fuse Customers
9 Square Fuse Market Dynamics
9.1 Square Fuse Industry Trends
9.2 Square Fuse Market Drivers
9.3 Square Fuse Market Challenges
9.4 Square Fuse Market Restraints
10 Research Findings and Conclusion
11 Methodology and Data Source
11.1 Methodology/Research Approach
11.1.1 Research Programs/Design
11.1.2 Market Size Estimation
11.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
11.2 Data Source
11.2.1 Secondary Sources
11.2.2 Primary Sources
11.3 Author List
11.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Square Fuse Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 2. Global Square Fuse Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Table 3. Global Square Fuse Production by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 4. Global Square Fuse Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 5. Global Square Fuse Production Value by Manufacturers (2019-2024) & (US$ Million)
Table 6. Global Square Fuse Production Value Share by Manufacturers (2019-2024)
Table 7. Global Key Players of Square Fuse, Industry Ranking, 2022 VS 2023
Table 8. Global Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) & (based on the Production Value in Square Fuse as of 2023)
Table 9. Global Market Square Fuse Average Price by Manufacturers (US$/Unit) & (2019-2024)
Table 10. Global Key Manufacturers of Square Fuse, Manufacturing Sites & Headquarters
Table 11. Global Key Manufacturers of Square Fuse, Product Type & Application
Table 12. Global Key Manufacturers of Square Fuse, Date of Enter into This Industry
Table 13. Global Square Fuse Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table 14. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table 15. Global Square Fuse Production Value Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Table 16. Global Square Fuse Production Value (US$ Million) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 17. Global Square Fuse Production Value Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 18. Global Square Fuse Production Value (US$ Million) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 19. Global Square Fuse Production Value Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 20. Global Square Fuse Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 21. Global Square Fuse Production (K Units) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 22. Global Square Fuse Production Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 23. Global Square Fuse Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 24. Global Square Fuse Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2025-2030)
Table 25. Global Square Fuse Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2019-2024)
Table 26. Global Square Fuse Market Average Price (US$/Unit) by Region (2025-2030)
Table 27. Global Square Fuse Consumption Growth Rate by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 28. Global Square Fuse Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 29. Global Square Fuse Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 30. Global Square Fuse Forecasted Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 31. Global Square Fuse Forecasted Consumption Market Share by Region (2019-2024)
Table 32. North America Square Fuse Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 33. North America Square Fuse Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 34. North America Square Fuse Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 35. Europe Square Fuse Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 36. Europe Square Fuse Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 37. Europe Square Fuse Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 38. Asia Pacific Square Fuse Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 39. Asia Pacific Square Fuse Consumption by Region (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 40. Asia Pacific Square Fuse Consumption by Region (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 41. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Square Fuse Consumption Growth Rate by Country: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Table 42. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Square Fuse Consumption by Country (2019-2024) & (K Units)
Table 43. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Square Fuse Consumption by Country (2025-2030) & (K Units)
Table 44. Global Square Fuse Production (K Units) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 45. Global Square Fuse Production (K Units) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 46. Global Square Fuse Production Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 47. Global Square Fuse Production Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 48. Global Square Fuse Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 49. Global Square Fuse Production Value (US$ Million) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 50. Global Square Fuse Production Value Market Share by Type (2019-2024)
Table 51. Global Square Fuse Production Value Market Share by Type (2025-2030)
Table 52. Global Square Fuse Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2019-2024)
Table 53. Global Square Fuse Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2025-2030)
Table 54. Global Square Fuse Production (K Units) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 55. Global Square Fuse Production (K Units) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 56. Global Square Fuse Production Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 57. Global Square Fuse Production Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 58. Global Square Fuse Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 59. Global Square Fuse Production Value (US$ Million) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 60. Global Square Fuse Production Value Market Share by Application (2019-2024)
Table 61. Global Square Fuse Production Value Market Share by Application (2025-2030)
Table 62. Global Square Fuse Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2019-2024)
Table 63. Global Square Fuse Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2025-2030)
Table 64. Mersen Square Fuse Company Information
Table 65. Mersen Square Fuse Specification and Application
Table 66. Mersen Square Fuse Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 67. Mersen Main Business and Markets Served
Table 68. Mersen Recent Developments/Updates
Table 69. Daicel Square Fuse Company Information
Table 70. Daicel Square Fuse Specification and Application
Table 71. Daicel Square Fuse Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 72. Daicel Main Business and Markets Served
Table 73. Daicel Recent Developments/Updates
Table 74. Eaton Square Fuse Company Information
Table 75. Eaton Square Fuse Specification and Application
Table 76. Eaton Square Fuse Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 77. Eaton Main Business and Markets Served
Table 78. Eaton Recent Developments/Updates
Table 79. Littelfuse Square Fuse Company Information
Table 80. Littelfuse Square Fuse Specification and Application
Table 81. Littelfuse Square Fuse Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 82. Littelfuse Main Business and Markets Served
Table 83. Littelfuse Recent Developments/Updates
Table 84. MTA Group Square Fuse Company Information
Table 85. MTA Group Square Fuse Specification and Application
Table 86. MTA Group Square Fuse Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 87. MTA Group Main Business and Markets Served
Table 88. MTA Group Recent Developments/Updates
Table 89. HIITIO Square Fuse Company Information
Table 90. HIITIO Square Fuse Specification and Application
Table 91. HIITIO Square Fuse Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 92. HIITIO Main Business and Markets Served
Table 93. HIITIO Recent Developments/Updates
Table 94. Xi 'an Zhongrong Electric Square Fuse Company Information
Table 95. Xi 'an Zhongrong Electric Square Fuse Specification and Application
Table 96. Xi 'an Zhongrong Electric Square Fuse Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 97. Xi 'an Zhongrong Electric Main Business and Markets Served
Table 98. Xi 'an Zhongrong Electric Recent Developments/Updates
Table 99. Guangdong Chnbel Square Fuse Company Information
Table 100. Guangdong Chnbel Square Fuse Specification and Application
Table 101. Guangdong Chnbel Square Fuse Production (K Units), Value (US$ Million), Price (US$/Unit) and Gross Margin (2019-2024)
Table 102. Guangdong Chnbel Main Business and Markets Served
Table 103. Guangdong Chnbel Recent Developments/Updates
Table 104. Key Raw Materials Lists
Table 105. Raw Materials Key Suppliers Lists
Table 106. Square Fuse Distributors List
Table 107. Square Fuse Customers List
Table 108. Square Fuse Market Trends
Table 109. Square Fuse Market Drivers
Table 110. Square Fuse Market Challenges
Table 111. Square Fuse Market Restraints
Table 112. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 113. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 114. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Table 115. Authors List of This Report
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Square Fuse
Figure 2. Global Square Fuse Market Value by Type, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 3. Global Square Fuse Market Share by Type: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 4. Low Pressure Type Product Picture
Figure 5. High Pressure Type Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Square Fuse Market Value by Application, (US$ Million) & (2023 VS 2030)
Figure 7. Global Square Fuse Market Share by Application: 2023 VS 2030
Figure 8. Communication
Figure 9. Photovoltaic
Figure 10. Stored Energy
Figure 11. Traffic
Figure 12. Other
Figure 13. Global Square Fuse Production Value (US$ Million), 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 14. Global Square Fuse Production Value (US$ Million) & (2019-2030)
Figure 15. Global Square Fuse Production Capacity (K Units) & (2019-2030)
Figure 16. Global Square Fuse Production (K Units) & (2019-2030)
Figure 17. Global Square Fuse Average Price (US$/Unit) & (2019-2030)
Figure 18. Square Fuse Report Years Considered
Figure 19. Square Fuse Production Share by Manufacturers in 2023
Figure 20. Square Fuse Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3): 2019 VS 2023
Figure 21. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Square Fuse Revenue in 2023
Figure 22. Global Square Fuse Production Value Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (US$ Million)
Figure 23. Global Square Fuse Production Value Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 24. Global Square Fuse Production Comparison by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Figure 25. Global Square Fuse Production Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 26. North America Square Fuse Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 27. Europe Square Fuse Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 28. China Square Fuse Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 29. Japan Square Fuse Production Value (US$ Million) Growth Rate (2019-2030)
Figure 30. Global Square Fuse Consumption by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030 (K Units)
Figure 31. Global Square Fuse Consumption Market Share by Region: 2019 VS 2023 VS 2030
Figure 32. North America Square Fuse Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 33. North America Square Fuse Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 34. U.S. Square Fuse Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 35. Canada Square Fuse Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 36. Europe Square Fuse Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 37. Europe Square Fuse Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 38. Germany Square Fuse Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 39. France Square Fuse Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 40. U.K. Square Fuse Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 41. Italy Square Fuse Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 42. Netherlands Square Fuse Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 43. Asia Pacific Square Fuse Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 44. Asia Pacific Square Fuse Consumption Market Share by Region (2025-2030)
Figure 45. China Square Fuse Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 46. Japan Square Fuse Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 47. South Korea Square Fuse Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 48. China Taiwan Square Fuse Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 49. Southeast Asia Square Fuse Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 50. India Square Fuse Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 51. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Square Fuse Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 52. Latin America, Middle East & Africa Square Fuse Consumption Market Share by Country (2019-2030)
Figure 53. Mexico Square Fuse Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 54. Brazil Square Fuse Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 55. Turkey Square Fuse Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 56. GCC Countries Square Fuse Consumption and Growth Rate (2019-2030) & (K Units)
Figure 57. Global Production Market Share of Square Fuse by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 58. Global Production Value Market Share of Square Fuse by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 59. Global Square Fuse Price (US$/Unit) by Type (2019-2030)
Figure 60. Global Production Market Share of Square Fuse by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 61. Global Production Value Market Share of Square Fuse by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 62. Global Square Fuse Price (US$/Unit) by Application (2019-2030)
Figure 63. Square Fuse Value Chain
Figure 64. Square Fuse Production Process
Figure 65. Channels of Distribution (Direct Vs Distribution)
Figure 66. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 67. Data Triangulation