Index
1 Transparent Screen Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Transparent Screen
1.2 Transparent Screen Segment by Type
1.2.1 Global Transparent Screen Market Size Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2021 VS 2027
1.2.2 LCD
1.2.3 LED
1.2.4 OLED
1.3 Transparent Screen Segment by Application
1.3.1 Global Transparent Screen Consumption Comparison by Application: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
1.3.2 Advertising Media
1.3.3 Retail and Hospitality
1.3.4 Stage Performance
1.3.5 Exhibition
1.3.6 Others
1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects
1.4.1 Global Transparent Screen Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.4.2 Global Transparent Screen Production Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5 Global Market Size by Region
1.5.1 Global Transparent Screen Market Size Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
1.5.2 South Korea Transparent Screen Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.3 Europe Transparent Screen Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
1.5.4 China Transparent Screen Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027)
2 Market Competition by Manufacturers
2.1 Global Transparent Screen Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.2 Global Transparent Screen Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.3 Transparent Screen Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3)
2.4 Global Transparent Screen Average Price by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
2.5 Manufacturers Transparent Screen Production Sites, Area Served, Product Types
2.6 Transparent Screen Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.6.1 Transparent Screen Market Concentration Rate
2.6.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Transparent Screen Players Market Share by Revenue
2.6.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Production and Capacity by Region
3.1 Global Production of Transparent Screen Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
3.2 Global Transparent Screen Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
3.3 Global Transparent Screen Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.4 South Korea Transparent Screen Production
3.4.1 South Korea Transparent Screen Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.4.2 South Korea Transparent Screen Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.5 Europe Transparent Screen Production
3.5.1 Europe Transparent Screen Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.5.2 Europe Transparent Screen Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
3.6 China Transparent Screen Production
3.6.1 China Transparent Screen Production Growth Rate (2016-2021)
3.6.2 China Transparent Screen Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
4 Global Transparent Screen Consumption by Region
4.1 Global Transparent Screen Consumption by Region
4.1.1 Global Transparent Screen Consumption by Region
4.1.2 Global Transparent Screen Consumption Market Share by Region
4.2 North America
4.2.1 North America Transparent Screen Consumption by Country
4.2.2 U.S.
4.2.3 Canada
4.3 Europe
4.3.1 Europe Transparent Screen Consumption by Country
4.3.2 Germany
4.3.3 France
4.3.4 U.K.
4.3.5 Italy
4.3.6 Russia
4.4 Asia Pacific
4.4.1 Asia Pacific Transparent Screen Consumption by Region
4.4.2 China
4.4.3 Japan
4.4.4 South Korea
4.4.5 Taiwan
4.4.6 Southeast Asia
4.4.7 India
4.4.8 Australia
4.5 Latin America
4.5.1 Latin America Transparent Screen Consumption by Country
4.5.2 Mexico
4.5.3 Brazil
5 Production, Revenue, Price Trend by Type
5.1 Global Transparent Screen Production Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
5.2 Global Transparent Screen Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
5.3 Global Transparent Screen Price by Type (2016-2021)
6 Consumption Analysis by Application
6.1 Global Transparent Screen Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
6.2 Global Transparent Screen Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
7 Key Companies Profiled
7.1 LG
7.1.1 LG Transparent Screen Corporation Information
7.1.2 LG Transparent Screen Product Portfolio
7.1.3 LG Transparent Screen Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.1.4 LG Main Business and Markets Served
7.1.5 LG Recent Developments/Updates
7.2 YIPLED
7.2.1 YIPLED Transparent Screen Corporation Information
7.2.2 YIPLED Transparent Screen Product Portfolio
7.2.3 YIPLED Transparent Screen Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.2.4 YIPLED Main Business and Markets Served
7.2.5 YIPLED Recent Developments/Updates
7.3 Unilumin
7.3.1 Unilumin Transparent Screen Corporation Information
7.3.2 Unilumin Transparent Screen Product Portfolio
7.3.3 Unilumin Transparent Screen Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.3.4 Unilumin Main Business and Markets Served
7.3.5 Unilumin Recent Developments/Updates
7.4 Leyard
7.4.1 Leyard Transparent Screen Corporation Information
7.4.2 Leyard Transparent Screen Product Portfolio
7.4.3 Leyard Transparent Screen Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.4.4 Leyard Main Business and Markets Served
7.4.5 Leyard Recent Developments/Updates
7.5 LedHero
7.5.1 LedHero Transparent Screen Corporation Information
7.5.2 LedHero Transparent Screen Product Portfolio
7.5.3 LedHero Transparent Screen Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.5.4 LedHero Main Business and Markets Served
7.5.5 LedHero Recent Developments/Updates
7.6 Beneq
7.6.1 Beneq Transparent Screen Corporation Information
7.6.2 Beneq Transparent Screen Product Portfolio
7.6.3 Beneq Transparent Screen Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.6.4 Beneq Main Business and Markets Served
7.6.5 Beneq Recent Developments/Updates
7.7 Skyview
7.7.1 Skyview Transparent Screen Corporation Information
7.7.2 Skyview Transparent Screen Product Portfolio
7.7.3 Skyview Transparent Screen Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.7.4 Skyview Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 Skyview Recent Developments/Updates
7.8 Auroled
7.8.1 Auroled Transparent Screen Corporation Information
7.8.2 Auroled Transparent Screen Product Portfolio
7.8.3 Auroled Transparent Screen Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.8.4 Auroled Main Business and Markets Served
7.7.5 Auroled Recent Developments/Updates
7.9 Teeho
7.9.1 Teeho Transparent Screen Corporation Information
7.9.2 Teeho Transparent Screen Product Portfolio
7.9.3 Teeho Transparent Screen Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.9.4 Teeho Main Business and Markets Served
7.9.5 Teeho Recent Developments/Updates
7.10 NEXNOVO
7.10.1 NEXNOVO Transparent Screen Corporation Information
7.10.2 NEXNOVO Transparent Screen Product Portfolio
7.10.3 NEXNOVO Transparent Screen Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
7.10.4 NEXNOVO Main Business and Markets Served
7.10.5 NEXNOVO Recent Developments/Updates
8 Transparent Screen Manufacturing Cost Analysis
8.1 Transparent Screen Key Raw Materials Analysis
8.1.1 Key Raw Materials
8.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price Trend
8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure
8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Transparent Screen
8.4 Transparent Screen Industrial Chain Analysis
9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers
9.1 Marketing Channel
9.2 Transparent Screen Distributors List
9.3 Transparent Screen Customers
10 Market Dynamics
10.1 Transparent Screen Industry Trends
10.2 Transparent Screen Growth Drivers
10.3 Transparent Screen Market Challenges
10.4 Transparent Screen Market Restraints
11 Production and Supply Forecast
11.1 Global Forecasted Production of Transparent Screen by Region (2022-2027)
11.2 South Korea Transparent Screen Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.3 Europe Transparent Screen Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
11.4 China Transparent Screen Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027)
12 Consumption and Demand Forecast
12.1 Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Transparent Screen
12.2 North America Forecasted Consumption of Transparent Screen by Country
12.3 Europe Market Forecasted Consumption of Transparent Screen by Country
12.4 Asia Pacific Market Forecasted Consumption of Transparent Screen by Region
12.5 Latin America Forecasted Consumption of Transparent Screen by Country
13 Forecast by Type and by Application (2022-2027)
13.1 Global Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.1 Global Forecasted Production of Transparent Screen by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Transparent Screen by Type (2022-2027)
13.1.3 Global Forecasted Price of Transparent Screen by Type (2022-2027)
13.2 Global Forecasted Consumption of Transparent Screen by Application (2022-2027)
14 Research Finding and Conclusion
15 Methodology and Data Source
15.1 Methodology/Research Approach
15.1.1 Research Programs/Design
15.1.2 Market Size Estimation
15.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
15.2 Data Source
15.2.1 Secondary Sources
15.2.2 Primary Sources
15.3 Author List
15.4 Disclaimer
List of Tables
List of Tables
Table 1. Global Transparent Screen Market Size by Type (K Sq.m.) & (US$ Million) (2021 VS 2027)
Table 2. Global Transparent Screen Consumption (K Sq.m.) Comparison by Application: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Table 3. Transparent Screen Market Size Comparison by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Table 4. Global Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.) by Manufacturers
Table 5. Global Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 6. Global Transparent Screen Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 7. Global Transparent Screen Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 8. Global Transparent Screen Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Transparent Screen as of 2020)
Table 10. Global Market Transparent Screen Average Price (USD/Sq.m.) of Key Manufacturers (2016-2021)
Table 11. Manufacturers Transparent Screen Production Sites and Area Served
Table 12. Manufacturers Transparent Screen Product Types
Table 13. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
Table 14. Global Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 15. Global Transparent Screen Revenue (US$ Million) by Region (2016-2021)
Table 16. Global Transparent Screen Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 17. Global Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Sq.m.) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 18. South Korea Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Sq.m.) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 19. Europe Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Sq.m.) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 20. China Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Sq.m.) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 21. Global Transparent Screen Consumption Market by Region (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Table 22. Global Transparent Screen Consumption Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Table 23. North America Transparent Screen Consumption by Country (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Table 24. Europe Transparent Screen Consumption by Country (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Table 25. Asia Pacific Transparent Screen Consumption by Region (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Table 26. Latin America Transparent Screen Consumption by Countries (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Table 27. Global Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 28. Global Transparent Screen Production Market Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 29. Global Transparent Screen Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 30. Global Transparent Screen Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021)
Table 31. Global Transparent Screen Price (USD/Sq.m.) by Type (2016-2021)
Table 32. Global Transparent Screen Consumption by Application (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Table 33. Global Transparent Screen Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Table 34. Global Transparent Screen Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
Table 35. LG Transparent Screen Corporation Information
Table 36. LG Specification and Application
Table 37. LG Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Sq.m.) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 38. LG Main Business and Markets Served
Table 39. LG Recent Developments/Updates
Table 40. YIPLED Transparent Screen Corporation Information
Table 41. YIPLED Specification and Application
Table 42. YIPLED Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Sq.m.) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 43. YIPLED Main Business and Markets Served
Table 44. YIPLED Recent Developments/Updates
Table 45. Unilumin Transparent Screen Corporation Information
Table 46. Unilumin Specification and Application
Table 47. Unilumin Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Sq.m.) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 48. Unilumin Main Business and Markets Served
Table 49. Unilumin Recent Developments/Updates
Table 50. Leyard Transparent Screen Corporation Information
Table 51. Leyard Specification and Application
Table 52. Leyard Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Sq.m.) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 53. Leyard Main Business and Markets Served
Table 54. Leyard Recent Developments/Updates
Table 55. LedHero Transparent Screen Corporation Information
Table 56. LedHero Specification and Application
Table 57. LedHero Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Sq.m.) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 58. LedHero Main Business and Markets Served
Table 59. LedHero Recent Developments/Updates
Table 60. Beneq Transparent Screen Corporation Information
Table 61. Beneq Specification and Application
Table 62. Beneq Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Sq.m.) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 63. Beneq Main Business and Markets Served
Table 64. Beneq Recent Developments/Updates
Table 65. Skyview Transparent Screen Corporation Information
Table 66. Skyview Specification and Application
Table 67. Skyview Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Sq.m.) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 68. Skyview Main Business and Markets Served
Table 69. Skyview Recent Developments/Updates
Table 70. Auroled Transparent Screen Corporation Information
Table 71. Auroled Specification and Application
Table 72. Auroled Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Sq.m.) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 73. Auroled Main Business and Markets Served
Table 74. Auroled Recent Developments/Updates
Table 75. Teeho Transparent Screen Corporation Information
Table 76. Teeho Specification and Application
Table 77. Teeho Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Sq.m.) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 78. Teeho Main Business and Markets Served
Table 79. Teeho Recent Developments/Updates
Table 80. NEXNOVO Transparent Screen Corporation Information
Table 81. NEXNOVO Specification and Application
Table 82. NEXNOVO Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Sq.m.) and Gross Margin (2016-2021)
Table 83. NEXNOVO Main Business and Markets Served
Table 84. NEXNOVO Recent Developments/Updates
Table 85. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material
Table 86. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials
Table 87. Transparent Screen Distributors List
Table 88. Transparent Screen Customers List
Table 89. Transparent Screen Market Trends
Table 90. Transparent Screen Growth Drivers
Table 91. Transparent Screen Market Challenges
Table 92. Transparent Screen Market Restraints
Table 93. Global Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.) Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Table 94. North America Transparent Screen Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K Sq.m.)
Table 95. Europe Transparent Screen Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K Sq.m.)
Table 96. Asia Pacific Transparent Screen Consumption Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (K Sq.m.)
Table 97. Latin America Transparent Screen Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (K Sq.m.)
Table 98. Global Transparent Screen Production Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (K Sq.m.)
Table 99. Global Transparent Screen Revenue Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million)
Table 100. Global Transparent Screen Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (USD/Sq.m.)
Table 101. Global Transparent Screen Consumption (K Sq.m.) Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Table 102. Research Programs/Design for This Report
Table 103. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table 104. Key Data Information from Primary Sources
List of Figures
Figure 1. Product Picture of Transparent Screen
Figure 2. Global Transparent Screen Market Share by Type: 2020 VS 2027
Figure 3. LCD Product Picture
Figure 4. LED Product Picture
Figure 5. OLED Product Picture
Figure 6. Global Transparent Screen Market Share by Application: 2020 VS 2027
Figure 7. Advertising Media
Figure 8. Retail and Hospitality
Figure 9. Stage Performance
Figure 10. Exhibition
Figure 11. Others
Figure 12. Global Transparent Screen Revenue (US$ Million), 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027
Figure 13. Global Transparent Screen Revenue (US$ Million) (2016-2027)
Figure 14. Global Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.) & (2016-2027)
Figure 15. South Korea Transparent Screen Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 16. Europe Transparent Screen Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 17. China Transparent Screen Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027)
Figure 18. Transparent Screen Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 19. Global Transparent Screen Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 20. Transparent Screen Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2016 VS 2020
Figure 21. Global Market Transparent Screen Average Price (USD/Sq.m.) of Key Manufacturers in 2020
Figure 22. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Transparent Screen Revenue in 2020
Figure 23. Global Transparent Screen Production Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 24. South Korea Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 25. Europe Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 26. China Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.) Growth Rate (2016-2021)
Figure 27. Global Transparent Screen Consumption Market Share by Region (2016-2021)
Figure 28. Global Transparent Screen Consumption Market Share by Region in 2020
Figure 29. North America Transparent Screen Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Figure 30. North America Transparent Screen Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 31. Canada Transparent Screen Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Figure 32. U.S. Transparent Screen Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Figure 33. Europe Transparent Screen Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Figure 34. Europe Transparent Screen Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 35. Germany America Transparent Screen Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Figure 36. France Transparent Screen Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Figure 37. U.K. Transparent Screen Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Figure 38. Italy Transparent Screen Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Figure 39. Russia Transparent Screen Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Figure 40. Asia Pacific Transparent Screen Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Figure 41. Asia Pacific Transparent Screen Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2020
Figure 42. China Transparent Screen Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Figure 43. Japan Transparent Screen Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Figure 44. South Korea Transparent Screen Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Figure 45. Taiwan Transparent Screen Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Figure 46. Southeast Asia Transparent Screen Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Figure 47. India Transparent Screen Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Figure 48. Australia Transparent Screen Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Figure 49. Latin America Transparent Screen Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Figure 50. Latin America Transparent Screen Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020
Figure 51. Mexico Transparent Screen Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Figure 52. Brazil Transparent Screen Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (K Sq.m.)
Figure 53. Production Market Share of Transparent Screen by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 54. Production Market Share of Transparent Screen by Type in 2020
Figure 55. Revenue Share of Transparent Screen by Type (2016-2021)
Figure 56. Revenue Market Share of Transparent Screen by Type in 2020
Figure 57. Global Transparent Screen Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 58. Global Transparent Screen Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020
Figure 59. Global Transparent Screen Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021)
Figure 60. Key Raw Materials Price Trend
Figure 61. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Transparent Screen
Figure 62. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Transparent Screen
Figure 63. Transparent Screen Industrial Chain Analysis
Figure 64. Channels of Distribution
Figure 65. Distributors Profiles
Figure 66. Global Transparent Screen Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027)
Figure 67. South Korea Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 68. Europe Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 69. China Transparent Screen Production (K Sq.m.) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027)
Figure 70. Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Transparent Screen (2015-2027) & (K Sq.m.)
Figure 71. Global Transparent Screen Production Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Figure 72. Global Transparent Screen Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027)
Figure 73. Global Transparent Screen Consumption Forecast by Application (2022-2027)
Figure 74. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure 75. Data Triangulation