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Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-Global Market Insights and Sales Trends 2024
Synopsis
Immune checkpoints are proteins that play an important role in regulating the immune system. In cancer, the immune checkpoints are activated to suppress the anti-tumor activity of the immune system thereby suppressing the immune response against the cancer cells. The study of these proteins and pathways has led to the development of a number of immune checkpoint inhibitors as therapies against cancer. Initial preclinical studies showed that antibody blockade of the immune checkpoint molecule CTLA-4 resulted in successful anti-tumor immune responses in the murine cancer models. This was then followed by studies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. Ipilimumab and Yervoy were the first immune checkpoint inhibitors introduced in the market. With the promising results of Yervoy, several anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies have been developed. Although there are number of other checkpoints that have been studied, such as LAG-3 and TIM-3, the only approved immune checkpoint inhibitors include CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1.
The global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors market size is expected to reach US$ 36030 million by 2029, growing at a CAGR of 16.1% from 2023 to 2029. The market is mainly driven by the significant applications of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in various end use industries. The expanding demands from the Lung Cancer, Colorectal Cancer, Breast Cancer and Prostate Cancer, are propelling Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors market. PD-1/PD-L1, one of the segments analysed in this report, is projected to record % CAGR and reach US$ million by the end of the analysis period. Growth in the CTLA-4 segment is estimated at % CAGR for the next seven-year period.
Asia Pacific shows high growth potential for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors market, driven by demand from China, the second largest economy with some signs of stabilising, the Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors market in China is forecast to reach US$ million by 2029, trailing a CAGR of % over the 2023-2029 period, while the U.S. market will reach US$ million by 2029, exhibiting a CAGR of % during the same period.
Report Objectives
This report provides market insight on the different segments, by manufacturers, by Type, by Application. Market size and forecast (2018-2029) has been provided in the report. The primary objectives of this report are to provide 1) global market size and forecasts, growth rates, market dynamics, industry structure and developments, market situation, trends; 2) global market share and ranking by company; 3) comprehensive presentation of the global market for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis through detailed segmentation; 4) detailed value chain analysis and review of growth factors essential for the existing market players and new entrants; 5) emerging opportunities in the market and the future impact of major drivers and restraints of the market.
Key Features of The Study:
This report provides in-depth analysis of the global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors market, and provides market size (US$ million) and CAGR for the forecast period (2023-2029), considering 2022 as the base year.
This report profiles key players in the global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors market based on the following parameters - company details (found date, headquarters, manufacturing bases), products portfolio, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors sales data, market share and ranking.
This report elucidates potential market opportunities across different segments and explains attractive investment proposition matrices for this market.
This report illustrates key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, market trends, regional outlook.
Key companies of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors covered in this report include Bristol Myer Squibb, AstraZeneca, Merck, Roche / Genentech, Ono Pharmaceutical, Regeneron, Innovent, Hengrui Medicine and Junshi Biosciences, etc.
The global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors market report caters to various stakeholders in this industry including investors, suppliers, product manufacturers, distributors, new entrants, and financial analysts.
Market Segmentation
Company Profiles:
Bristol Myer Squibb
AstraZeneca
Merck
Roche / Genentech
Ono Pharmaceutical
Regeneron
Innovent
Hengrui Medicine
Junshi Biosciences
Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors market, by region:
North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, UK, Italy, etc.)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, etc.)
South America (Brazil, etc.)
Middle East and Africa (Turkey, GCC Countries, Africa, etc.)
Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors market, Segment by Type:
PD-1/PD-L1
CTLA-4
Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors market, by Application
Lung Cancer
Colorectal Cancer
Breast Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Melanoma
Blood Cancer
Other
Core Chapters
Chapter One: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by Type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter Two: Detailed analysis of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter Three: Sales, revenue of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.
Chapter Four: Introduces market segments by Application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter Five, Six, Seven, Eight and Nine: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.
Chapter Ten: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter Eleven: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics. Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter Twelve: Analysis of sales channel, distributors and customers.
Chapter Thirteen: Research Findings and Conclusion.
Immune checkpoints are proteins that play an important role in regulating the immune system. In cancer, the immune checkpoints are activated to suppress the anti-tumor activity of the immune system thereby suppressing the immune response against the cancer cells. The study of these proteins and pathways has led to the development of a number of immune checkpoint inhibitors as therapies against cancer. Initial preclinical studies showed that antibody blockade of the immune checkpoint molecule CTLA-4 resulted in successful anti-tumor immune responses in the murine cancer models. This was then followed by studies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. Ipilimumab and Yervoy were the first immune checkpoint inhibitors introduced in the market. With the promising results of Yervoy, several anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies have been developed. Although there are number of other checkpoints that have been studied, such as LAG-3 and TIM-3, the only approved immune checkpoint inhibitors include CTLA-4, PD-1 and PD-L1.
The global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors market size is expected to reach US$ 36030 million by 2029, growing at a CAGR of 16.1% from 2023 to 2029. The market is mainly driven by the significant applications of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in various end use industries. The expanding demands from the Lung Cancer, Colorectal Cancer, Breast Cancer and Prostate Cancer, are propelling Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors market. PD-1/PD-L1, one of the segments analysed in this report, is projected to record % CAGR and reach US$ million by the end of the analysis period. Growth in the CTLA-4 segment is estimated at % CAGR for the next seven-year period.
Asia Pacific shows high growth potential for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors market, driven by demand from China, the second largest economy with some signs of stabilising, the Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors market in China is forecast to reach US$ million by 2029, trailing a CAGR of % over the 2023-2029 period, while the U.S. market will reach US$ million by 2029, exhibiting a CAGR of % during the same period.
Report Objectives
This report provides market insight on the different segments, by manufacturers, by Type, by Application. Market size and forecast (2018-2029) has been provided in the report. The primary objectives of this report are to provide 1) global market size and forecasts, growth rates, market dynamics, industry structure and developments, market situation, trends; 2) global market share and ranking by company; 3) comprehensive presentation of the global market for Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis through detailed segmentation; 4) detailed value chain analysis and review of growth factors essential for the existing market players and new entrants; 5) emerging opportunities in the market and the future impact of major drivers and restraints of the market.
Key Features of The Study:
This report provides in-depth analysis of the global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors market, and provides market size (US$ million) and CAGR for the forecast period (2023-2029), considering 2022 as the base year.
This report profiles key players in the global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors market based on the following parameters - company details (found date, headquarters, manufacturing bases), products portfolio, Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors sales data, market share and ranking.
This report elucidates potential market opportunities across different segments and explains attractive investment proposition matrices for this market.
This report illustrates key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, market trends, regional outlook.
Key companies of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors covered in this report include Bristol Myer Squibb, AstraZeneca, Merck, Roche / Genentech, Ono Pharmaceutical, Regeneron, Innovent, Hengrui Medicine and Junshi Biosciences, etc.
The global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors market report caters to various stakeholders in this industry including investors, suppliers, product manufacturers, distributors, new entrants, and financial analysts.
Market Segmentation
Company Profiles:
Bristol Myer Squibb
AstraZeneca
Merck
Roche / Genentech
Ono Pharmaceutical
Regeneron
Innovent
Hengrui Medicine
Junshi Biosciences
Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors market, by region:
North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, UK, Italy, etc.)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, etc.)
South America (Brazil, etc.)
Middle East and Africa (Turkey, GCC Countries, Africa, etc.)
Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors market, Segment by Type:
PD-1/PD-L1
CTLA-4
Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors market, by Application
Lung Cancer
Colorectal Cancer
Breast Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Melanoma
Blood Cancer
Other
Core Chapters
Chapter One: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by Type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter Two: Detailed analysis of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter Three: Sales, revenue of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.
Chapter Four: Introduces market segments by Application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter Five, Six, Seven, Eight and Nine: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.
Chapter Ten: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter Eleven: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics. Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter Twelve: Analysis of sales channel, distributors and customers.
Chapter Thirteen: Research Findings and Conclusion.
Index1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Market Overview
1.1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Product Overview
1.2 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Market Segment by Type
1.2.1 PD-1/PD-L1
1.2.2 CTLA-4
1.3 Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Market Size by Type
1.3.1 Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Market Size Overview by Type (2018-2029)
1.3.2 Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Historic Market Size Review by Type (2018-2023)
1.3.3 Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2029)
1.4 Key Regions Market Size Segment by Type
1.4.1 North America Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
1.4.2 Europe Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
1.4.3 Asia-Pacific Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
1.4.4 Latin America Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
1.4.5 Middle East and Africa Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
2 Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Market Competition by Company
2.1 Global Top Players by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales (2018-2023)
2.2 Global Top Players by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Revenue (2018-2023)
2.3 Global Top Players by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Price (2018-2023)
2.4 Global Top Manufacturers Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type
2.5 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.5.1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Market Concentration Rate (2018-2023)
2.5.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales and Revenue in 2022
2.6 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors as of 2022)
2.7 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Market
2.8 Key Manufacturers Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Product Offered
2.9 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Status and Outlook by Region
3.1 Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Market Size and CAGR by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
3.2 Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Historic Market Size by Region
3.2.1 Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales in Volume by Region (2018-2023)
3.2.2 Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales in Value by Region (2018-2023)
3.2.3 Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales (Volume & Value) Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
3.3 Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Forecasted Market Size by Region
3.3.1 Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales in Volume by Region (2024-2029)
3.3.2 Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales in Value by Region (2024-2029)
3.3.3 Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2024-2029)
4 Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors by Application
4.1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Market Segment by Application
4.1.1 Lung Cancer
4.1.2 Colorectal Cancer
4.1.3 Breast Cancer
4.1.4 Prostate Cancer
4.1.5 Melanoma
4.1.6 Blood Cancer
4.1.7 Other
4.2 Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Market Size by Application
4.2.1 Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Market Size Overview by Application (2018-2029)
4.2.2 Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Historic Market Size Review by Application (2018-2023)
4.2.3 Global Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2029)
4.3 Key Regions Market Size Segment by Application
4.3.1 North America Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
4.3.2 Europe Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
4.3.3 Asia-Pacific Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
4.3.4 Latin America Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
4.3.5 Middle East and Africa Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
5 North America Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors by Country
5.1 North America Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Historic Market Size by Country
5.1.1 North America Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
5.1.2 North America Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales in Volume by Country (2018-2023)
5.1.3 North America Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales in Value by Country (2018-2023)
5.2 North America Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Forecasted Market Size by Country
5.2.1 North America Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales in Volume by Country (2024-2029)
5.2.2 North America Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales in Value by Country (2024-2029)
6 Europe Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors by Country
6.1 Europe Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Historic Market Size by Country
6.1.1 Europe Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
6.1.2 Europe Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales in Volume by Country (2018-2023)
6.1.3 Europe Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales in Value by Country (2018-2023)
6.2 Europe Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Forecasted Market Size by Country
6.2.1 Europe Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales in Volume by Country (2024-2029)
6.2.2 Europe Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales in Value by Country (2024-2029)
7 Asia-Pacific Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors by Region
7.1 Asia-Pacific Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Historic Market Size by Region
7.1.1 Asia-Pacific Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
7.1.2 Asia-Pacific Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales in Volume by Region (2018-2023)
7.1.3 Asia-Pacific Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales in Value by Region (2018-2023)
7.2 Asia-Pacific Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Forecasted Market Size by Region
7.2.1 Asia-Pacific Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales in Volume by Region (2024-2029)
7.2.2 Asia-Pacific Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales in Value by Region (2024-2029)
8 Latin America Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors by Country
8.1 Latin America Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Historic Market Size by Country
8.1.1 Latin America Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
8.1.2 Latin America Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales in Volume by Country (2018-2023)
8.1.3 Latin America Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales in Value by Country (2018-2023)
8.2 Latin America Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Forecasted Market Size by Country
8.2.1 Latin America Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales in Volume by Country (2024-2029)
8.2.2 Latin America Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales in Value by Country (2024-2029)
9 Middle East and Africa Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors by Country
9.1 Middle East and Africa Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Historic Market Size by Country
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales in Volume by Country (2018-2023)
9.1.3 Middle East and Africa Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales in Value by Country (2018-2023)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Forecasted Market Size by Country
9.2.1 Middle East and Africa Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales in Volume by Country (2024-2029)
9.2.2 Middle East and Africa Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales in Value by Country (2024-2029)
10 Company Profiles
10.1 Bristol Myer Squibb
10.1.1 Bristol Myer Squibb Company Information
10.1.2 Bristol Myer Squibb Introduction and Business Overview
10.1.3 Bristol Myer Squibb Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.1.4 Bristol Myer Squibb Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Products Offered
10.1.5 Bristol Myer Squibb Recent Development
10.2 AstraZeneca
10.2.1 AstraZeneca Company Information
10.2.2 AstraZeneca Introduction and Business Overview
10.2.3 AstraZeneca Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.2.4 AstraZeneca Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Products Offered
10.2.5 AstraZeneca Recent Development
10.3 Merck
10.3.1 Merck Company Information
10.3.2 Merck Introduction and Business Overview
10.3.3 Merck Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.3.4 Merck Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Products Offered
10.3.5 Merck Recent Development
10.4 Roche / Genentech
10.4.1 Roche / Genentech Company Information
10.4.2 Roche / Genentech Introduction and Business Overview
10.4.3 Roche / Genentech Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.4.4 Roche / Genentech Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Products Offered
10.4.5 Roche / Genentech Recent Development
10.5 Ono Pharmaceutical
10.5.1 Ono Pharmaceutical Company Information
10.5.2 Ono Pharmaceutical Introduction and Business Overview
10.5.3 Ono Pharmaceutical Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.5.4 Ono Pharmaceutical Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Products Offered
10.5.5 Ono Pharmaceutical Recent Development
10.6 Regeneron
10.6.1 Regeneron Company Information
10.6.2 Regeneron Introduction and Business Overview
10.6.3 Regeneron Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.6.4 Regeneron Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Products Offered
10.6.5 Regeneron Recent Development
10.7 Innovent
10.7.1 Innovent Company Information
10.7.2 Innovent Introduction and Business Overview
10.7.3 Innovent Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.7.4 Innovent Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Products Offered
10.7.5 Innovent Recent Development
10.8 Hengrui Medicine
10.8.1 Hengrui Medicine Company Information
10.8.2 Hengrui Medicine Introduction and Business Overview
10.8.3 Hengrui Medicine Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.8.4 Hengrui Medicine Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Products Offered
10.8.5 Hengrui Medicine Recent Development
10.9 Junshi Biosciences
10.9.1 Junshi Biosciences Company Information
10.9.2 Junshi Biosciences Introduction and Business Overview
10.9.3 Junshi Biosciences Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.9.4 Junshi Biosciences Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Products Offered
10.9.5 Junshi Biosciences Recent Development
11 Upstream, Opportunities, Challenges, Risks and Influences Factors Analysis
11.1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Key Raw Materials
11.1.1 Key Raw Materials
11.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price
11.1.3 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
11.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure
11.2.1 Raw Materials
11.2.2 Labor Cost
11.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
11.3 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Industrial Chain Analysis
11.4 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Market Dynamics
11.4.1 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Industry Trends
11.4.2 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Market Drivers
11.4.3 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Market Challenges
11.4.4 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Market Restraints
12 Market Strategy Analysis, Distributors
12.1 Sales Channel
12.2 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Distributors
12.3 Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Downstream Customers
13 Research Findings and Conclusion
14 Appendix
14.1 Research Methodology
14.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
14.1.2 Data Source
14.2 Author Details
14.3 Disclaimer
Published By : QY Research
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