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OPGW (Optical Ground Wire)-Global Market Insights and Sales Trends 2024
Synopsis
Optical fiber composite overhead ground is an optical fiber unit containing the ground line of power transmission line for communication. It has two functions. One is as the lightning protection line of the transmission line, which provides shielding protection for the anti-lightning discharge of the transmission wire. The other is through the composite optical fiber in the ground, as the transmission of optical signal medium, can transmit audio, video, data and a variety of control signals, the formation of a multi-channel broadband communication network.
The global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) market size is expected to reach US$ 793.6 million by 2029, growing at a CAGR of 3.7% from 2023 to 2029. The market is mainly driven by the significant applications of OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) in various end use industries. The expanding demands from the Below 220KV, 220KV~500KV and Above 500KV,, are propelling OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) market. Central Tube Structure OPGW, one of the segments analysed in this report, is projected to record % CAGR and reach US$ million by the end of the analysis period. Growth in the Layer Stranding Structure OPGW segment is estimated at % CAGR for the next seven-year period.
The top four global manufacturers of fiber-optic composite overhead ground wires are zongtian technology, fujimura, tokomitsu cable and tefa information, which together account for about 70% of the market share.
Asia Pacific is the main market, accounting for about 60%.
Report Objectives
This report provides market insight on the different segments, by manufacturers, by Type, by Application. Market size and forecast (2018-2029) has been provided in the report. The primary objectives of this report are to provide 1) global market size and forecasts, growth rates, market dynamics, industry structure and developments, market situation, trends; 2) global market share and ranking by company; 3) comprehensive presentation of the global market for OPGW (Optical Ground Wire), with both quantitative and qualitative analysis through detailed segmentation; 4) detailed value chain analysis and review of growth factors essential for the existing market players and new entrants; 5) emerging opportunities in the market and the future impact of major drivers and restraints of the market.
Key Features of The Study:
This report provides in-depth analysis of the global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) market, and provides market size (US$ million) and CAGR for the forecast period (2023-2029), considering 2022 as the base year.
This report profiles key players in the global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) market based on the following parameters - company details (found date, headquarters, manufacturing bases), products portfolio, OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) sales data, market share and ranking.
This report elucidates potential market opportunities across different segments and explains attractive investment proposition matrices for this market.
This report illustrates key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, market trends, regional outlook.
Key companies of OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) covered in this report include ZTT, Fujikura, NKT Cables, Tongguang Cable, Shenzhen SDG, Furukawa, LS Cable & System, Jiangsu Hongtu and Taihan, etc.
The global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) market report caters to various stakeholders in this industry including investors, suppliers, product manufacturers, distributors, new entrants, and financial analysts.
Market Segmentation
Company Profiles:
ZTT
Fujikura
NKT Cables
Tongguang Cable
Shenzhen SDG
Furukawa
LS Cable & System
Jiangsu Hongtu
Taihan
Sichuan Huiyuan
Elsewedy Cables
Tratos
J-Power Systems
Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) market, by region:
North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, UK, Italy, etc.)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, etc.)
South America (Brazil, etc.)
Middle East and Africa (Turkey, GCC Countries, Africa, etc.)
Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) market, Segment by Type:
Central Tube Structure OPGW
Layer Stranding Structure OPGW
Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) market, by Application
Below 220KV
220KV~500KV
Above 500KV
Core Chapters
Chapter One: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by Type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter Two: Detailed analysis of OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter Three: Sales, revenue of OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.
Chapter Four: Introduces market segments by Application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter Five, Six, Seven, Eight and Nine: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.
Chapter Ten: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter Eleven: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics. Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter Twelve: Analysis of sales channel, distributors and customers.
Chapter Thirteen: Research Findings and Conclusion.
Optical fiber composite overhead ground is an optical fiber unit containing the ground line of power transmission line for communication. It has two functions. One is as the lightning protection line of the transmission line, which provides shielding protection for the anti-lightning discharge of the transmission wire. The other is through the composite optical fiber in the ground, as the transmission of optical signal medium, can transmit audio, video, data and a variety of control signals, the formation of a multi-channel broadband communication network.
The global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) market size is expected to reach US$ 793.6 million by 2029, growing at a CAGR of 3.7% from 2023 to 2029. The market is mainly driven by the significant applications of OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) in various end use industries. The expanding demands from the Below 220KV, 220KV~500KV and Above 500KV,, are propelling OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) market. Central Tube Structure OPGW, one of the segments analysed in this report, is projected to record % CAGR and reach US$ million by the end of the analysis period. Growth in the Layer Stranding Structure OPGW segment is estimated at % CAGR for the next seven-year period.
The top four global manufacturers of fiber-optic composite overhead ground wires are zongtian technology, fujimura, tokomitsu cable and tefa information, which together account for about 70% of the market share.
Asia Pacific is the main market, accounting for about 60%.
Report Objectives
This report provides market insight on the different segments, by manufacturers, by Type, by Application. Market size and forecast (2018-2029) has been provided in the report. The primary objectives of this report are to provide 1) global market size and forecasts, growth rates, market dynamics, industry structure and developments, market situation, trends; 2) global market share and ranking by company; 3) comprehensive presentation of the global market for OPGW (Optical Ground Wire), with both quantitative and qualitative analysis through detailed segmentation; 4) detailed value chain analysis and review of growth factors essential for the existing market players and new entrants; 5) emerging opportunities in the market and the future impact of major drivers and restraints of the market.
Key Features of The Study:
This report provides in-depth analysis of the global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) market, and provides market size (US$ million) and CAGR for the forecast period (2023-2029), considering 2022 as the base year.
This report profiles key players in the global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) market based on the following parameters - company details (found date, headquarters, manufacturing bases), products portfolio, OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) sales data, market share and ranking.
This report elucidates potential market opportunities across different segments and explains attractive investment proposition matrices for this market.
This report illustrates key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, market trends, regional outlook.
Key companies of OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) covered in this report include ZTT, Fujikura, NKT Cables, Tongguang Cable, Shenzhen SDG, Furukawa, LS Cable & System, Jiangsu Hongtu and Taihan, etc.
The global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) market report caters to various stakeholders in this industry including investors, suppliers, product manufacturers, distributors, new entrants, and financial analysts.
Market Segmentation
Company Profiles:
ZTT
Fujikura
NKT Cables
Tongguang Cable
Shenzhen SDG
Furukawa
LS Cable & System
Jiangsu Hongtu
Taihan
Sichuan Huiyuan
Elsewedy Cables
Tratos
J-Power Systems
Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) market, by region:
North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, UK, Italy, etc.)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, etc.)
South America (Brazil, etc.)
Middle East and Africa (Turkey, GCC Countries, Africa, etc.)
Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) market, Segment by Type:
Central Tube Structure OPGW
Layer Stranding Structure OPGW
Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) market, by Application
Below 220KV
220KV~500KV
Above 500KV
Core Chapters
Chapter One: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by Type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter Two: Detailed analysis of OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter Three: Sales, revenue of OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.
Chapter Four: Introduces market segments by Application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter Five, Six, Seven, Eight and Nine: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.
Chapter Ten: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter Eleven: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics. Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter Twelve: Analysis of sales channel, distributors and customers.
Chapter Thirteen: Research Findings and Conclusion.
Index1 OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Market Overview
1.1 OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Product Overview
1.2 OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Market Segment by Type
1.2.1 Central Tube Structure OPGW
1.2.2 Layer Stranding Structure OPGW
1.3 Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Market Size by Type
1.3.1 Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Market Size Overview by Type (2018-2029)
1.3.2 Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Historic Market Size Review by Type (2018-2023)
1.3.3 Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2029)
1.4 Key Regions Market Size Segment by Type
1.4.1 North America OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
1.4.2 Europe OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
1.4.3 Asia-Pacific OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
1.4.4 Latin America OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
1.4.5 Middle East and Africa OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
2 Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Market Competition by Company
2.1 Global Top Players by OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales (2018-2023)
2.2 Global Top Players by OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Revenue (2018-2023)
2.3 Global Top Players by OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Price (2018-2023)
2.4 Global Top Manufacturers OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type
2.5 OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.5.1 OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Market Concentration Rate (2018-2023)
2.5.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales and Revenue in 2022
2.6 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) as of 2022)
2.7 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Market
2.8 Key Manufacturers OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Product Offered
2.9 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Status and Outlook by Region
3.1 Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Market Size and CAGR by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
3.2 Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Historic Market Size by Region
3.2.1 Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales in Volume by Region (2018-2023)
3.2.2 Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales in Value by Region (2018-2023)
3.2.3 Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales (Volume & Value) Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
3.3 Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Forecasted Market Size by Region
3.3.1 Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales in Volume by Region (2024-2029)
3.3.2 Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales in Value by Region (2024-2029)
3.3.3 Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2024-2029)
4 Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) by Application
4.1 OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Market Segment by Application
4.1.1 Below 220KV
4.1.2 220KV~500KV
4.1.3 Above 500KV
4.2 Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Market Size by Application
4.2.1 Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Market Size Overview by Application (2018-2029)
4.2.2 Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Historic Market Size Review by Application (2018-2023)
4.2.3 Global OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2029)
4.3 Key Regions Market Size Segment by Application
4.3.1 North America OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
4.3.2 Europe OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
4.3.3 Asia-Pacific OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
4.3.4 Latin America OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
4.3.5 Middle East and Africa OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
5 North America OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) by Country
5.1 North America OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Historic Market Size by Country
5.1.1 North America OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
5.1.2 North America OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales in Volume by Country (2018-2023)
5.1.3 North America OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales in Value by Country (2018-2023)
5.2 North America OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Forecasted Market Size by Country
5.2.1 North America OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales in Volume by Country (2024-2029)
5.2.2 North America OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales in Value by Country (2024-2029)
6 Europe OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) by Country
6.1 Europe OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Historic Market Size by Country
6.1.1 Europe OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
6.1.2 Europe OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales in Volume by Country (2018-2023)
6.1.3 Europe OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales in Value by Country (2018-2023)
6.2 Europe OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Forecasted Market Size by Country
6.2.1 Europe OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales in Volume by Country (2024-2029)
6.2.2 Europe OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales in Value by Country (2024-2029)
7 Asia-Pacific OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) by Region
7.1 Asia-Pacific OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Historic Market Size by Region
7.1.1 Asia-Pacific OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
7.1.2 Asia-Pacific OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales in Volume by Region (2018-2023)
7.1.3 Asia-Pacific OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales in Value by Region (2018-2023)
7.2 Asia-Pacific OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Forecasted Market Size by Region
7.2.1 Asia-Pacific OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales in Volume by Region (2024-2029)
7.2.2 Asia-Pacific OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales in Value by Region (2024-2029)
8 Latin America OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) by Country
8.1 Latin America OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Historic Market Size by Country
8.1.1 Latin America OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
8.1.2 Latin America OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales in Volume by Country (2018-2023)
8.1.3 Latin America OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales in Value by Country (2018-2023)
8.2 Latin America OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Forecasted Market Size by Country
8.2.1 Latin America OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales in Volume by Country (2024-2029)
8.2.2 Latin America OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales in Value by Country (2024-2029)
9 Middle East and Africa OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) by Country
9.1 Middle East and Africa OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Historic Market Size by Country
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales in Volume by Country (2018-2023)
9.1.3 Middle East and Africa OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales in Value by Country (2018-2023)
9.2 Middle East and Africa OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Forecasted Market Size by Country
9.2.1 Middle East and Africa OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales in Volume by Country (2024-2029)
9.2.2 Middle East and Africa OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales in Value by Country (2024-2029)
10 Company Profiles
10.1 ZTT
10.1.1 ZTT Company Information
10.1.2 ZTT Introduction and Business Overview
10.1.3 ZTT OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.1.4 ZTT OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Products Offered
10.1.5 ZTT Recent Development
10.2 Fujikura
10.2.1 Fujikura Company Information
10.2.2 Fujikura Introduction and Business Overview
10.2.3 Fujikura OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.2.4 Fujikura OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Products Offered
10.2.5 Fujikura Recent Development
10.3 NKT Cables
10.3.1 NKT Cables Company Information
10.3.2 NKT Cables Introduction and Business Overview
10.3.3 NKT Cables OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.3.4 NKT Cables OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Products Offered
10.3.5 NKT Cables Recent Development
10.4 Tongguang Cable
10.4.1 Tongguang Cable Company Information
10.4.2 Tongguang Cable Introduction and Business Overview
10.4.3 Tongguang Cable OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.4.4 Tongguang Cable OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Products Offered
10.4.5 Tongguang Cable Recent Development
10.5 Shenzhen SDG
10.5.1 Shenzhen SDG Company Information
10.5.2 Shenzhen SDG Introduction and Business Overview
10.5.3 Shenzhen SDG OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.5.4 Shenzhen SDG OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Products Offered
10.5.5 Shenzhen SDG Recent Development
10.6 Furukawa
10.6.1 Furukawa Company Information
10.6.2 Furukawa Introduction and Business Overview
10.6.3 Furukawa OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.6.4 Furukawa OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Products Offered
10.6.5 Furukawa Recent Development
10.7 LS Cable & System
10.7.1 LS Cable & System Company Information
10.7.2 LS Cable & System Introduction and Business Overview
10.7.3 LS Cable & System OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.7.4 LS Cable & System OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Products Offered
10.7.5 LS Cable & System Recent Development
10.8 Jiangsu Hongtu
10.8.1 Jiangsu Hongtu Company Information
10.8.2 Jiangsu Hongtu Introduction and Business Overview
10.8.3 Jiangsu Hongtu OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.8.4 Jiangsu Hongtu OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Products Offered
10.8.5 Jiangsu Hongtu Recent Development
10.9 Taihan
10.9.1 Taihan Company Information
10.9.2 Taihan Introduction and Business Overview
10.9.3 Taihan OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.9.4 Taihan OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Products Offered
10.9.5 Taihan Recent Development
10.10 Sichuan Huiyuan
10.10.1 Sichuan Huiyuan Company Information
10.10.2 Sichuan Huiyuan Introduction and Business Overview
10.10.3 Sichuan Huiyuan OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.10.4 Sichuan Huiyuan OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Products Offered
10.10.5 Sichuan Huiyuan Recent Development
10.11 Elsewedy Cables
10.11.1 Elsewedy Cables Company Information
10.11.2 Elsewedy Cables Introduction and Business Overview
10.11.3 Elsewedy Cables OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.11.4 Elsewedy Cables OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Products Offered
10.11.5 Elsewedy Cables Recent Development
10.12 Tratos
10.12.1 Tratos Company Information
10.12.2 Tratos Introduction and Business Overview
10.12.3 Tratos OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.12.4 Tratos OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Products Offered
10.12.5 Tratos Recent Development
10.13 J-Power Systems
10.13.1 J-Power Systems Company Information
10.13.2 J-Power Systems Introduction and Business Overview
10.13.3 J-Power Systems OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.13.4 J-Power Systems OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Products Offered
10.13.5 J-Power Systems Recent Development
11 Upstream, Opportunities, Challenges, Risks and Influences Factors Analysis
11.1 OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Key Raw Materials
11.1.1 Key Raw Materials
11.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price
11.1.3 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
11.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure
11.2.1 Raw Materials
11.2.2 Labor Cost
11.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
11.3 OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Industrial Chain Analysis
11.4 OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Market Dynamics
11.4.1 OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Industry Trends
11.4.2 OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Market Drivers
11.4.3 OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Market Challenges
11.4.4 OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Market Restraints
12 Market Strategy Analysis, Distributors
12.1 Sales Channel
12.2 OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Distributors
12.3 OPGW (Optical Ground Wire) Downstream Customers
13 Research Findings and Conclusion
14 Appendix
14.1 Research Methodology
14.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
14.1.2 Data Source
14.2 Author Details
14.3 Disclaimer
Published By : QY Research
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