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Primary Lithium Battery-Global Market Insights and Sales Trends 2024
Synopsis
Primary Lithium Batteries are primary batteries that have metallic lithium as an anode.it is one of the most popular primary battery. Primary Lithium Batteries Lithium batteries are widely used in Industrial, Medical devices, Consumer Electronics and among others.
The most common type of lithium cell used in consumer applications uses metallic lithium as anode and manganese dioxide as cathode, with a salt of lithium dissolved in an organic solvent.
The Primary Lithium Battery market covers Lithium/Thionyl Chloride Battery (Li/SOCL2) , Lithium/Manganese Dioxide Battery (Li/MnO2), etc. The typical players include Hitachi Maxell, SAFT, EVE Energy, Panasonic, FDK, etc.
The global Primary Lithium Battery market size is expected to reach US$ 3907.4 million by 2029, growing at a CAGR of 4.3% from 2023 to 2029. The market is mainly driven by the significant applications of Primary Lithium Battery in various end use industries. The expanding demands from the Meter, Smoke Detector, Security and Automotive, are propelling Primary Lithium Battery market. Li/SOCL2, one of the segments analysed in this report, is projected to record % CAGR and reach US$ million by the end of the analysis period. Growth in the Li/MnO2 segment is estimated at % CAGR for the next seven-year period.
According to the Segmentation of types, all the market of Primary Lithium Battery can be divided as Lithium Iodine Battery (Li/I2), Lithium Manganese Dioxide Battery (Li/MnO2), Lithium Oxide Battery (Li/CuO), Lithium Polyfluoride Carbon battery (Li/(CF)n), lithium thionyl chloride battery (Li/SOCl2), lithium sulfur dioxide battery (Li/SO2), and etc. The first main kind is Li/MnO2, it holds a comparatively larger share in global market, which accounts for about 47% in 2019. Another main kind is Li/SOCL2, for many companies, Li/SOCL2 Primary Lithium Battery is attractive because of the market consumption need in the future. The Li/SOCL2 share the 40% market share in 2019.
Report Objectives
This report provides market insight on the different segments, by manufacturers, by Type, by Application. Market size and forecast (2018-2029) has been provided in the report. The primary objectives of this report are to provide 1) global market size and forecasts, growth rates, market dynamics, industry structure and developments, market situation, trends; 2) global market share and ranking by company; 3) comprehensive presentation of the global market for Primary Lithium Battery, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis through detailed segmentation; 4) detailed value chain analysis and review of growth factors essential for the existing market players and new entrants; 5) emerging opportunities in the market and the future impact of major drivers and restraints of the market.
Key Features of The Study:
This report provides in-depth analysis of the global Primary Lithium Battery market, and provides market size (US$ million) and CAGR for the forecast period (2023-2029), considering 2022 as the base year.
This report profiles key players in the global Primary Lithium Battery market based on the following parameters - company details (found date, headquarters, manufacturing bases), products portfolio, Primary Lithium Battery sales data, market share and ranking.
This report elucidates potential market opportunities across different segments and explains attractive investment proposition matrices for this market.
This report illustrates key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, market trends, regional outlook.
Key companies of Primary Lithium Battery covered in this report include Hitachi Maxell, SAFT, EVE Energy, Panasonic, FDK, Duracell, Vitzrocell, Energizer and Ultralife, etc.
The global Primary Lithium Battery market report caters to various stakeholders in this industry including investors, suppliers, product manufacturers, distributors, new entrants, and financial analysts.
Market Segmentation
Company Profiles:
Hitachi Maxell
SAFT
EVE Energy
Panasonic
FDK
Duracell
Vitzrocell
Energizer
Ultralife
Wuhan Voltec Engrgy
HCB Battery
Varta
EnerSys Ltd
EEMB Battery
Global Primary Lithium Battery market, by region:
North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, UK, Italy, etc.)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, etc.)
South America (Brazil, etc.)
Middle East and Africa (Turkey, GCC Countries, Africa, etc.)
Global Primary Lithium Battery market, Segment by Type:
Li/SOCL2
Li/MnO2
Li-SO2
Others
Global Primary Lithium Battery market, by Application
Meter
Smoke Detector
Security
Automotive
Medical Equipment
Industrial Control
Others
Core Chapters
Chapter One: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by Type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter Two: Detailed analysis of Primary Lithium Battery manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter Three: Sales, revenue of Primary Lithium Battery in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.
Chapter Four: Introduces market segments by Application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter Five, Six, Seven, Eight and Nine: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.
Chapter Ten: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter Eleven: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics. Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter Twelve: Analysis of sales channel, distributors and customers.
Chapter Thirteen: Research Findings and Conclusion.
Primary Lithium Batteries are primary batteries that have metallic lithium as an anode.it is one of the most popular primary battery. Primary Lithium Batteries Lithium batteries are widely used in Industrial, Medical devices, Consumer Electronics and among others.
The most common type of lithium cell used in consumer applications uses metallic lithium as anode and manganese dioxide as cathode, with a salt of lithium dissolved in an organic solvent.
The Primary Lithium Battery market covers Lithium/Thionyl Chloride Battery (Li/SOCL2) , Lithium/Manganese Dioxide Battery (Li/MnO2), etc. The typical players include Hitachi Maxell, SAFT, EVE Energy, Panasonic, FDK, etc.
The global Primary Lithium Battery market size is expected to reach US$ 3907.4 million by 2029, growing at a CAGR of 4.3% from 2023 to 2029. The market is mainly driven by the significant applications of Primary Lithium Battery in various end use industries. The expanding demands from the Meter, Smoke Detector, Security and Automotive, are propelling Primary Lithium Battery market. Li/SOCL2, one of the segments analysed in this report, is projected to record % CAGR and reach US$ million by the end of the analysis period. Growth in the Li/MnO2 segment is estimated at % CAGR for the next seven-year period.
According to the Segmentation of types, all the market of Primary Lithium Battery can be divided as Lithium Iodine Battery (Li/I2), Lithium Manganese Dioxide Battery (Li/MnO2), Lithium Oxide Battery (Li/CuO), Lithium Polyfluoride Carbon battery (Li/(CF)n), lithium thionyl chloride battery (Li/SOCl2), lithium sulfur dioxide battery (Li/SO2), and etc. The first main kind is Li/MnO2, it holds a comparatively larger share in global market, which accounts for about 47% in 2019. Another main kind is Li/SOCL2, for many companies, Li/SOCL2 Primary Lithium Battery is attractive because of the market consumption need in the future. The Li/SOCL2 share the 40% market share in 2019.
Report Objectives
This report provides market insight on the different segments, by manufacturers, by Type, by Application. Market size and forecast (2018-2029) has been provided in the report. The primary objectives of this report are to provide 1) global market size and forecasts, growth rates, market dynamics, industry structure and developments, market situation, trends; 2) global market share and ranking by company; 3) comprehensive presentation of the global market for Primary Lithium Battery, with both quantitative and qualitative analysis through detailed segmentation; 4) detailed value chain analysis and review of growth factors essential for the existing market players and new entrants; 5) emerging opportunities in the market and the future impact of major drivers and restraints of the market.
Key Features of The Study:
This report provides in-depth analysis of the global Primary Lithium Battery market, and provides market size (US$ million) and CAGR for the forecast period (2023-2029), considering 2022 as the base year.
This report profiles key players in the global Primary Lithium Battery market based on the following parameters - company details (found date, headquarters, manufacturing bases), products portfolio, Primary Lithium Battery sales data, market share and ranking.
This report elucidates potential market opportunities across different segments and explains attractive investment proposition matrices for this market.
This report illustrates key insights about market drivers, restraints, opportunities, market trends, regional outlook.
Key companies of Primary Lithium Battery covered in this report include Hitachi Maxell, SAFT, EVE Energy, Panasonic, FDK, Duracell, Vitzrocell, Energizer and Ultralife, etc.
The global Primary Lithium Battery market report caters to various stakeholders in this industry including investors, suppliers, product manufacturers, distributors, new entrants, and financial analysts.
Market Segmentation
Company Profiles:
Hitachi Maxell
SAFT
EVE Energy
Panasonic
FDK
Duracell
Vitzrocell
Energizer
Ultralife
Wuhan Voltec Engrgy
HCB Battery
Varta
EnerSys Ltd
EEMB Battery
Global Primary Lithium Battery market, by region:
North America (U.S., Canada, Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, UK, Italy, etc.)
Asia Pacific (China, Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, India, etc.)
South America (Brazil, etc.)
Middle East and Africa (Turkey, GCC Countries, Africa, etc.)
Global Primary Lithium Battery market, Segment by Type:
Li/SOCL2
Li/MnO2
Li-SO2
Others
Global Primary Lithium Battery market, by Application
Meter
Smoke Detector
Security
Automotive
Medical Equipment
Industrial Control
Others
Core Chapters
Chapter One: Introduces the study scope of this report, executive summary of market segments by Type, market size segments for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter Two: Detailed analysis of Primary Lithium Battery manufacturers competitive landscape, price, sales, revenue, market share and ranking, latest development plan, merger, and acquisition information, etc.
Chapter Three: Sales, revenue of Primary Lithium Battery in regional level. It provides a quantitative analysis of the market size and development potential of each region and introduces the future development prospects, and market space in the world.
Chapter Four: Introduces market segments by Application, market size segment for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa.
Chapter Five, Six, Seven, Eight and Nine: North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America, Middle East & Africa, sales and revenue by country.
Chapter Ten: Provides profiles of key players, introducing the basic situation of the main companies in the market in detail, including product sales, revenue, price, gross margin, product introduction, recent development, etc.
Chapter Eleven: Analysis of industrial chain, key raw materials, manufacturing cost, and market dynamics. Introduces the market dynamics, latest developments of the market, the driving factors and restrictive factors of the market, the challenges and risks faced by manufacturers in the industry, and the analysis of relevant policies in the industry.
Chapter Twelve: Analysis of sales channel, distributors and customers.
Chapter Thirteen: Research Findings and Conclusion.
Index1 Primary Lithium Battery Market Overview
1.1 Primary Lithium Battery Product Overview
1.2 Primary Lithium Battery Market Segment by Type
1.2.1 Li/SOCL2
1.2.2 Li/MnO2
1.2.3 Li-SO2
1.2.4 Others
1.3 Global Primary Lithium Battery Market Size by Type
1.3.1 Global Primary Lithium Battery Market Size Overview by Type (2018-2029)
1.3.2 Global Primary Lithium Battery Historic Market Size Review by Type (2018-2023)
1.3.3 Global Primary Lithium Battery Forecasted Market Size by Type (2024-2029)
1.4 Key Regions Market Size Segment by Type
1.4.1 North America Primary Lithium Battery Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
1.4.2 Europe Primary Lithium Battery Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
1.4.3 Asia-Pacific Primary Lithium Battery Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
1.4.4 Latin America Primary Lithium Battery Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
1.4.5 Middle East and Africa Primary Lithium Battery Sales Breakdown by Type (2018-2023)
2 Global Primary Lithium Battery Market Competition by Company
2.1 Global Top Players by Primary Lithium Battery Sales (2018-2023)
2.2 Global Top Players by Primary Lithium Battery Revenue (2018-2023)
2.3 Global Top Players by Primary Lithium Battery Price (2018-2023)
2.4 Global Top Manufacturers Primary Lithium Battery Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type
2.5 Primary Lithium Battery Market Competitive Situation and Trends
2.5.1 Primary Lithium Battery Market Concentration Rate (2018-2023)
2.5.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by Primary Lithium Battery Sales and Revenue in 2022
2.6 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Primary Lithium Battery as of 2022)
2.7 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Primary Lithium Battery Market
2.8 Key Manufacturers Primary Lithium Battery Product Offered
2.9 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion
3 Primary Lithium Battery Status and Outlook by Region
3.1 Global Primary Lithium Battery Market Size and CAGR by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
3.2 Global Primary Lithium Battery Historic Market Size by Region
3.2.1 Global Primary Lithium Battery Sales in Volume by Region (2018-2023)
3.2.2 Global Primary Lithium Battery Sales in Value by Region (2018-2023)
3.2.3 Global Primary Lithium Battery Sales (Volume & Value) Price and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
3.3 Global Primary Lithium Battery Forecasted Market Size by Region
3.3.1 Global Primary Lithium Battery Sales in Volume by Region (2024-2029)
3.3.2 Global Primary Lithium Battery Sales in Value by Region (2024-2029)
3.3.3 Global Primary Lithium Battery Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2024-2029)
4 Global Primary Lithium Battery by Application
4.1 Primary Lithium Battery Market Segment by Application
4.1.1 Meter
4.1.2 Smoke Detector
4.1.3 Security
4.1.4 Automotive
4.1.5 Medical Equipment
4.1.6 Industrial Control
4.1.7 Others
4.2 Global Primary Lithium Battery Market Size by Application
4.2.1 Global Primary Lithium Battery Market Size Overview by Application (2018-2029)
4.2.2 Global Primary Lithium Battery Historic Market Size Review by Application (2018-2023)
4.2.3 Global Primary Lithium Battery Forecasted Market Size by Application (2024-2029)
4.3 Key Regions Market Size Segment by Application
4.3.1 North America Primary Lithium Battery Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
4.3.2 Europe Primary Lithium Battery Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
4.3.3 Asia-Pacific Primary Lithium Battery Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
4.3.4 Latin America Primary Lithium Battery Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
4.3.5 Middle East and Africa Primary Lithium Battery Sales Breakdown by Application (2018-2023)
5 North America Primary Lithium Battery by Country
5.1 North America Primary Lithium Battery Historic Market Size by Country
5.1.1 North America Primary Lithium Battery Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
5.1.2 North America Primary Lithium Battery Sales in Volume by Country (2018-2023)
5.1.3 North America Primary Lithium Battery Sales in Value by Country (2018-2023)
5.2 North America Primary Lithium Battery Forecasted Market Size by Country
5.2.1 North America Primary Lithium Battery Sales in Volume by Country (2024-2029)
5.2.2 North America Primary Lithium Battery Sales in Value by Country (2024-2029)
6 Europe Primary Lithium Battery by Country
6.1 Europe Primary Lithium Battery Historic Market Size by Country
6.1.1 Europe Primary Lithium Battery Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
6.1.2 Europe Primary Lithium Battery Sales in Volume by Country (2018-2023)
6.1.3 Europe Primary Lithium Battery Sales in Value by Country (2018-2023)
6.2 Europe Primary Lithium Battery Forecasted Market Size by Country
6.2.1 Europe Primary Lithium Battery Sales in Volume by Country (2024-2029)
6.2.2 Europe Primary Lithium Battery Sales in Value by Country (2024-2029)
7 Asia-Pacific Primary Lithium Battery by Region
7.1 Asia-Pacific Primary Lithium Battery Historic Market Size by Region
7.1.1 Asia-Pacific Primary Lithium Battery Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Region: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
7.1.2 Asia-Pacific Primary Lithium Battery Sales in Volume by Region (2018-2023)
7.1.3 Asia-Pacific Primary Lithium Battery Sales in Value by Region (2018-2023)
7.2 Asia-Pacific Primary Lithium Battery Forecasted Market Size by Region
7.2.1 Asia-Pacific Primary Lithium Battery Sales in Volume by Region (2024-2029)
7.2.2 Asia-Pacific Primary Lithium Battery Sales in Value by Region (2024-2029)
8 Latin America Primary Lithium Battery by Country
8.1 Latin America Primary Lithium Battery Historic Market Size by Country
8.1.1 Latin America Primary Lithium Battery Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
8.1.2 Latin America Primary Lithium Battery Sales in Volume by Country (2018-2023)
8.1.3 Latin America Primary Lithium Battery Sales in Value by Country (2018-2023)
8.2 Latin America Primary Lithium Battery Forecasted Market Size by Country
8.2.1 Latin America Primary Lithium Battery Sales in Volume by Country (2024-2029)
8.2.2 Latin America Primary Lithium Battery Sales in Value by Country (2024-2029)
9 Middle East and Africa Primary Lithium Battery by Country
9.1 Middle East and Africa Primary Lithium Battery Historic Market Size by Country
9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Primary Lithium Battery Market Size Growth Rate (CAGR) by Country: 2018 VS 2022 VS 2029
9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Primary Lithium Battery Sales in Volume by Country (2018-2023)
9.1.3 Middle East and Africa Primary Lithium Battery Sales in Value by Country (2018-2023)
9.2 Middle East and Africa Primary Lithium Battery Forecasted Market Size by Country
9.2.1 Middle East and Africa Primary Lithium Battery Sales in Volume by Country (2024-2029)
9.2.2 Middle East and Africa Primary Lithium Battery Sales in Value by Country (2024-2029)
10 Company Profiles
10.1 Hitachi Maxell
10.1.1 Hitachi Maxell Company Information
10.1.2 Hitachi Maxell Introduction and Business Overview
10.1.3 Hitachi Maxell Primary Lithium Battery Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.1.4 Hitachi Maxell Primary Lithium Battery Products Offered
10.1.5 Hitachi Maxell Recent Development
10.2 SAFT
10.2.1 SAFT Company Information
10.2.2 SAFT Introduction and Business Overview
10.2.3 SAFT Primary Lithium Battery Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.2.4 SAFT Primary Lithium Battery Products Offered
10.2.5 SAFT Recent Development
10.3 EVE Energy
10.3.1 EVE Energy Company Information
10.3.2 EVE Energy Introduction and Business Overview
10.3.3 EVE Energy Primary Lithium Battery Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.3.4 EVE Energy Primary Lithium Battery Products Offered
10.3.5 EVE Energy Recent Development
10.4 Panasonic
10.4.1 Panasonic Company Information
10.4.2 Panasonic Introduction and Business Overview
10.4.3 Panasonic Primary Lithium Battery Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.4.4 Panasonic Primary Lithium Battery Products Offered
10.4.5 Panasonic Recent Development
10.5 FDK
10.5.1 FDK Company Information
10.5.2 FDK Introduction and Business Overview
10.5.3 FDK Primary Lithium Battery Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.5.4 FDK Primary Lithium Battery Products Offered
10.5.5 FDK Recent Development
10.6 Duracell
10.6.1 Duracell Company Information
10.6.2 Duracell Introduction and Business Overview
10.6.3 Duracell Primary Lithium Battery Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.6.4 Duracell Primary Lithium Battery Products Offered
10.6.5 Duracell Recent Development
10.7 Vitzrocell
10.7.1 Vitzrocell Company Information
10.7.2 Vitzrocell Introduction and Business Overview
10.7.3 Vitzrocell Primary Lithium Battery Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.7.4 Vitzrocell Primary Lithium Battery Products Offered
10.7.5 Vitzrocell Recent Development
10.8 Energizer
10.8.1 Energizer Company Information
10.8.2 Energizer Introduction and Business Overview
10.8.3 Energizer Primary Lithium Battery Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.8.4 Energizer Primary Lithium Battery Products Offered
10.8.5 Energizer Recent Development
10.9 Ultralife
10.9.1 Ultralife Company Information
10.9.2 Ultralife Introduction and Business Overview
10.9.3 Ultralife Primary Lithium Battery Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.9.4 Ultralife Primary Lithium Battery Products Offered
10.9.5 Ultralife Recent Development
10.10 Wuhan Voltec Engrgy
10.10.1 Wuhan Voltec Engrgy Company Information
10.10.2 Wuhan Voltec Engrgy Introduction and Business Overview
10.10.3 Wuhan Voltec Engrgy Primary Lithium Battery Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.10.4 Wuhan Voltec Engrgy Primary Lithium Battery Products Offered
10.10.5 Wuhan Voltec Engrgy Recent Development
10.11 HCB Battery
10.11.1 HCB Battery Company Information
10.11.2 HCB Battery Introduction and Business Overview
10.11.3 HCB Battery Primary Lithium Battery Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.11.4 HCB Battery Primary Lithium Battery Products Offered
10.11.5 HCB Battery Recent Development
10.12 Varta
10.12.1 Varta Company Information
10.12.2 Varta Introduction and Business Overview
10.12.3 Varta Primary Lithium Battery Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.12.4 Varta Primary Lithium Battery Products Offered
10.12.5 Varta Recent Development
10.13 EnerSys Ltd
10.13.1 EnerSys Ltd Company Information
10.13.2 EnerSys Ltd Introduction and Business Overview
10.13.3 EnerSys Ltd Primary Lithium Battery Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.13.4 EnerSys Ltd Primary Lithium Battery Products Offered
10.13.5 EnerSys Ltd Recent Development
10.14 EEMB Battery
10.14.1 EEMB Battery Company Information
10.14.2 EEMB Battery Introduction and Business Overview
10.14.3 EEMB Battery Primary Lithium Battery Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2018-2023)
10.14.4 EEMB Battery Primary Lithium Battery Products Offered
10.14.5 EEMB Battery Recent Development
11 Upstream, Opportunities, Challenges, Risks and Influences Factors Analysis
11.1 Primary Lithium Battery Key Raw Materials
11.1.1 Key Raw Materials
11.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price
11.1.3 Raw Materials Key Suppliers
11.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure
11.2.1 Raw Materials
11.2.2 Labor Cost
11.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses
11.3 Primary Lithium Battery Industrial Chain Analysis
11.4 Primary Lithium Battery Market Dynamics
11.4.1 Primary Lithium Battery Industry Trends
11.4.2 Primary Lithium Battery Market Drivers
11.4.3 Primary Lithium Battery Market Challenges
11.4.4 Primary Lithium Battery Market Restraints
12 Market Strategy Analysis, Distributors
12.1 Sales Channel
12.2 Primary Lithium Battery Distributors
12.3 Primary Lithium Battery Downstream Customers
13 Research Findings and Conclusion
14 Appendix
14.1 Research Methodology
14.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
14.1.2 Data Source
14.2 Author Details
14.3 Disclaimer
Published By : QY Research
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